M A N M A N 477 that now called Mandrill, but the Chimpanzee. Buffon, however, while quoting Smith s description, transferred the name to the very different species now under consideration, and to that it has been attached ever since. The Baboons generally are distinguished from other Monkeys by the comparative equality of the length of their limbs, which with the structure of the vertebral column adapts them rather for quadrupedal progression on the ground than for climbing among the branches of trees. They are also remarkable for the great size of their face and jaws as compared with the part of the skull which encloses the brain. The Mandrill, in addition to these characters, is distinguished by the heaviness of its body, stoutness and strength of its limbs, and exceeding shortness of its tail, which is a mere stump, not 2 inches long, and usually carried erect. It is, moreover, remarkable for the prominence of its brow ridges, beneath which the small and closely approximated eyes are deeply sunk ; the immense size of the canine teeth; the great development of a pair of oval bony prominences on the maxillary bones in front of the orbits, rising on each side of the median line of the face, and covered by a longitudinally- ribbed naked skin ; and more especially for the extraordinarily vivid colouring of some parts of the skin. The body generally is covered with a full soft coating of hair of a light olive-brown above and silvery-grey beneath, and the chin is furnished underneath with a small pointed yellow beard. The hair of the forehead and temples is directed upwards so as to meet in a point on the crown, which gives the head a triangular appearance. The ears are naked and of a bluish-black colour. The hands and feet are naked and black. A large space around the greatly developed ischial callosities, as well as the upper part of the insides of the thighs, is naked and of a crimson colour, shading off on the sides to lilac or blue, which, depending not upon pigment but upon injection of the superficial blood-vessels, varies in intensity according to the condition of the animal increasing under excitement, fading during sickness, and disappearing after death. But it is in the face that the most remarkable disposition of vivid hues occur, more resembling those of a brilliantly coloured flower than what might be expected in the cutaneous covering of a mammal. The cheek prominences are of an intense blue, the effect of which is heightened by deeply sunk longitudinal furrows of a darker tint, while the central line and termination of the nose are a bright scarlet. Notwithstanding the beauty of these colours in themselves, the whole combination, with the form and expression of features, quite justifies Cuvier s assertion that "il serait difficile de se figurer un etre plus hideux que le Mandrill." It is only to fully adult males that this description applies. The female is of much smaller size, and of more slender make ; and 1 , though the general tone of the hairy parts of the body is the same, the prominences, furrows, and colouring of the face are very much less marked. The young males have black faces. At the age of three the blue of the cheeks begins to appear, and it is not until they are about five, when they cut their great canine teeth, that they acquire the characteristic red of the end of the nose. The Mandrills, especially the old males, are remarkable for the ferocity of their disposition, as well as for other disagree able qualities, which are fully described in Cuvier s account of the animal in La Menagerie du Museum cVIIistoire Naturdle (1801), but when young they can easily be tamed. Like the rest of the Baboons, they appear to be rather &. Also a large overgrown Ape and Baboon, so called. Drill is used in the same sense in Charlton s Onomasticon Zoicon, 1668. The singular etymology of the word given by Buffon seems hardly a probable one." Huxley s Man s Place in Nature, p. 10, 1863. indiscriminate eaters, feeding upon fruit, roots, reptiles, insects, scorpions, <fcc., and inhabit open rocky ground rather than forests. Not much is known of the Mandrill s habits in the wild state, nor of the exact limits of ita geographical distribution. The specimens brought to Europe all come from the west coast of tropical Africa, from Guinea to the Gaboon. An allied species, the Drill (Cynocephalus Jeucophxus), which resembles the Mandrill in size, general proportions, and shortness of tail, but wants the bright colouring of the face which makes that animal so remarkable, inhabits the same district. (w. H. F.) MANDURIA, a city of Italy in the province of Lecce, 22 miles east of Taranto on the road to Lecce, in the midst of a wide open country. It had 7948 inhabitants at the census of 1871, is the seat of two pretty important fairs, and contains a spacious palace of the Francavilla family, and a fine old church with campanile and rose window; but the main interest of the [dace attaches to the ruins of the ancient city in the neighbour hood. The whole circuit of the double line of ancient walls, built of large rectangular stones without mortar, can still be traced, the outer wall and ditch measuring 23 feet in breadth, and the inner passage with the inner wall about 50 feet. At Scegno,*just outside the walls, the visitor may still see the fountain of Manduria, the level of which, according to Pliny, it was impossible to alter by any drawing out or pouring in of water. Manduria is first mentioned in connexion with the death of Arcliidumus, king of Sparta, who perished in a battle fought under its walls in 338 B.C.; and the only other fact of importance in its ancient annals is the capture by Fabius Maximus in 209. Though omitted from Pliny s list of towns in this region, it appears in the Tabula Feutingeriana. -After the destruction of the old town by the Saracens the inhabitants removed to the present site, and the name Casalnuovo, which they at first applied to the new settlement, was exchanged by Ferdinand I. for the original Manduria. MANES. This term, which is clearly euphemistic, meaning "goodies" or "good fellows," was applied by the Romans to the spirits of the departed. As in all nations of antiquity, and in many existing savage tribes, these spirits were held by them in great awe and veneration, as being powerful for good or for harm. The doctrine, whether imported from the Egyptian theology or of Turanian origin through the Etruscan tomb-builders, is closely allied to that of the Greek belief in the existence of the souls of heroes, ancestors, and generally of the " mighty dead," whom they called Sai/Aoi/es, but, of course, in a sense widely different from our notion of demons. Thus in yEschylus the spirits of Agamemnon and of Darius are invoked as SO//AOVC?, and in the /Suppliant Women (24) they are appealed to as /?apirri//.oi -^OOVLOL, where the notion of "heavily-punishing" seems conveyed by the compound epithet. Generally, the dxmones were regarded as hostile, or at least dangerous, and blood-offerings (eVayioyxoi) were made to them to propitiate their wrath, and to induce them to send aid or material blessings from the realms below. The idea appears to have been that the spirits ranged the earth, hungry and forlorn, and seeking whom they might devour. Hence pestilences and sudden deaths were attributed to them, and in this sense they came to be regarded as the enemies of the living. Victims were given to them, that they might not themselves make victims of whomsoever they pleased. Offerings of all kinds were placed in the tomb or burnt on the pyre, and the rites of burial were, with the lamentations of surviving friends, thought necessary for the repose of the ghost. Hesiod, however, in a remarkable passage (Op. et I)., 122), speaks of the (W/zoi es in terms more allied to our ideas of " guardian angels." He says they were the souls or spirits of the men
who lived in the golden age, and that their office now is to