MAP 519 Marciana at Venice ; also a map of 1448, drawn at London, now in the Ambrosiau Library at Milan (Andrea Bianco Venetian comito di galia me fcxe a londra, 1448) ; (25) an elliptical map of the world in the Pitti Palace at Florence, of Genoese origin, and of date 1447 ; (26) Hannibal de Madiis, 1449, in the Ambrosian Library ; (27) a Catalonian map of the world, of 1450 (?), in the National Library at Florence ; (28) Giovanni Leardo, two maps of the world, of date 1448 (in the museum at Vicenza) and 1452 (the property of Consul- general von Pilat at Venice) ; (29) Fra Mauro, a famous map of the world from 1457-59 in the Biblioteca Marciana at Venice ; (30) Gratioso Benincasa of Ancona, a diligent cartographer, twenty- five very carefully executed works dating from between 1460 and 1482 ; most of them are in Italy, chiefly at Venice, two in Paris, one at Munich, and one without date in the British Museum ; (31) Andrea Benincasa, son of the preceding, three maps of 1476 (Geneva) and 1490 (Ancona and Rome) ; (32) Bartolomeo Pareto, a map of the world, of 1455, at Rome; (33) Giorgio Giovanni, 1484 (Parma); (34) Count Hortomanus Fredutius of Ancona, 1497 (Wolfenbiittel). In the beginning of the 16th century, (35) Alberto Cuutino, about 1501-3, was the first in Italy to draw a map representing portions of America, Carta da navigarc per le Isole nuovamenta trovate in la parte delle Indie, in the library at Modena. (36) The Maggiolo family, famous for its cartography, flourished in Genoa between 1511 and 1648. Visconte Maggiolo, the founder of the family, is known to have produced nineteen atlases between 1511 and 1587. A map by Giacomo Maggiolo, of date 1562, is in the British Museum. (37) Battista Agnese laboured between 1527 and 1554 in Venice, and the thirteen atlases he has left behind him are pieces of fine artistic work adorned with charming miniatures. Two of these atlases, of date 1527 and 1536, are in the British Museum. In the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, and French cartographers appear as competitors with the Italian, Catalonian, and Balearic artists. We name only the most important. Juan de la Casa, a Basque, and a companion of Columbus, drew in 1500 a map of the world in which for the first time the hitherto discovered coasts and islands of FIG. 3. Chart of the Mediterranean (P. Vesconte, 1311). America were introduced. A map of the world by Garcia de Torero, | 1522, is preserved at Turin ; and two general maps, the one dating 1527 (probably by Fernando Colon, son of Columbus) and the other 1529 (by Diego Ribero), exist at Weimar. Between 1558 and 1569 Diego Homem produced several beautiful atlases ; of these four are in Italy, and one, of date 1568, at Dresden. Among the French world-maps a special place is due to that drawn up by order of King Henry II. It is published by Jomard in his Monumens de la geographie. As far as Italian navigation extended, and especially within the limits of the Mediterranean, a very correct representation of the coasts and of the contours of the several countries was secured at an early date. The interior of the countries, on the other hand, remained confused and inexact. These defects were first supplied in the 15th century, when recourse was again had to the contri butions of the Greeks, and especially of Ptolemy. Before proceeding to discuss this new development, it may be as well to mention the various names by which the representations of the earth s surface have been designated. The Greeks employed the expression iriW| (picture), the Romans in like manner said tabula. The word map came into use in the Middle Ages, the iiamr majrpa- mundi, mappemonde ("world-napkin"), proving that maps were originally painted on cloth. In English map is applied only to a land-map, the sea-map being known as a chart. The Romance languages had the expressions disegno, fiqura, pintura, padron. When the loxodromic maps came into existence, hand-books with sailing directions were written to accompany them, hence the titles " sailing directions," "sea-books," portulani (by which word actual maps were afterwards meant), or cartas da marear. The Latin word charta signifies originally a letter, a written document ; and in like manner the Portuguese and Spanish form carta. But as early as the 14th century this expression was (as appears from the inscrip tion quoted under No. 3 above) used to distinguish a sea-map. In tin- same sense Paolo Toscanelli speaks of his carta, which he sent t the kin^ of Portugal. But the expression did not become general
till the 16th century ; in 1513 we find it in Germany in a Strasburg