542 M A R M A R English church are among the chief ornaments of the place. The springs resemble those of Carlsbad, except that they are cold, and contain nearly twice the quantity of purgative salts. The water is used both internally and externally, and is deemed efficacious in disorders of the stomach and other organs, skin diseases, gout, and nervous complaints. About one million bottles are annually ex ported. The curative appliances of Marienbad also include the use of goats milk whey, and peat, pine-cone, and gas baths. The climate is healthy and bracing, the mean annual temperature being about 45 Fahr. The springs of Marienbad, though previously used by the peasantry of the district, first came into general notice about the beginning of this century through the instrumentality of Dr Nehr, to whom a monument was erected here in 1857. They belong to the rich abbey of Tepl, which lies about 9 miles to the east. The permanent population of Marienbad was 2009 at the census of 1880. MARIENBURG (in Polish, Malborg the chief town of a circle in the district of Dantzic, Prussia, lies 30 miles to the south-east of Dantzic, in a fertile plain on the right bank of the Nogat, a channel of the Vistula, here spanned by a handsome railway bridge and by a bridge of boats. Marienburg contains a large chemical wool- cleaning work and several other factories, carries on a considerable trade in grain, wood, linen, feathers, and brushes, and is the seat of important cattle, horse, and wool markets. Its educational institutions include a gymnasium and a Protestant normal school. In the old market-place, many of the houses in which are built with arcades in the Italian style, stands a Gothic town-house, dating from the end of the 14th century. The town is also embellished with a good statue of Frederick the Great, who added this district to Prussia, and a monument com memorating the war of 1870-71. The population in 1880 was 9559. Marienburg is chiefly interesting from its having been for a century and a half the residence of the grand masters of the Teutonic order. The large castle of the order here was originally founded in 1274 as the seat of a simple commandery against the pagan Prussians, but in 1309 the headquarters of the grand master were transferred hither from Venice, and the " Marienburger Schloss " soon became one of the largest and most strongly fortified buildings in Germany. On the decline of the order in the middle of the 15th century, the castle passed into the hands of the Poles, by whom it was allowed to fall into neglect and decay. It came into the possession of Prussia in 1772, and was carefully restored at the beginning of the present century. This interesting and curious building consists of three parts, the Alte or Hohe Schloss, the Mittel Schloss", and the Vorburg. It is built of brick, in a style of architecture peculiar to the Baltic provinces, and is undoubtedly one of the most important secular buildings of the Middle Ages in Germany. Of the numerous monographs published in Germany on the castle of Marienburg, it will suffice to mention here Biisching s Schloss der Deutschcn RMcr zu Marienburg, Berlin, 1828 ; Voigt s Geschichte van Marienburg, Kbnigsberg, 1824 ; and Bergau s Ordenshaupthaus Marienburg, Berlin, 1871. MARIETTA, a city of the United States, the capital of Washington county, Ohio, lies on the right bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of the Muskingum, 85 miles south-east of Columbus, and is the eastern terminus of the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, and the southern terminus of the Cleveland and Marietta Railroad. The surrounding country being rich in petroleum, iron, and coal, the city has become the seat of no inconsiderable industry in the shape of oil-works, iron foundries, and machine-shops, a rolling mill, tanneries, and carriage, car, bucket, aud chair factories. Marietta College, chartered in 1835, and maintained by voluntary endowment and subscription, is a flourishing institution, with eight instructors and a library of 25,000 volumes, occupying a fine group of buildings in the midst of extensive grounds. The popula tion of the city has risen from 3175 in 1850 to 5444 in 1880. At the latter date the township, which includes the village of Harmar (1572), contained 8830 persons. Marietta, founded in 1788 by General Putnam, and named in honour of Marie Antoinette, is the oldest town in Ohio. It is built on the site of a remarkable group of prehistoric monuments, the largest of which are two enclosures, respectively 40 and 20 acres in extent, formed by walls from 20 to 30 feet broad at the base, and still in some places 5 and 6 feet high. See Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. MARIETTE, AUGUSTS FERDINAND FEANQOIS, elder son of Frangois P. Mariette, advocate and town-clerk of Boulogne-sur-Mer, was born in that town on the llth of February 1821. Educated at the Boulogne municipal college, he distinguished himself in geometry, physics, chemistry, history, Latin, Greek, and English. He also evinced a remarkable talent for art. In 1839, when but eighteen years of age, he went to England in the capacity of professor of French and drawing at a boys school at Stratford-on-Avon, which occupation he exchanged in 1840 for that of pattern-designer to a ribbon manufacturer at Coventry. Weary of ill-paid exile, he returned that same year to Boulogne, resumed his interrupted studies, and in March 1841 took his bachelor s degree (with honourable mention) at Douai. He now became a professor at the college where he had formerly been a student, and for some years supplemented his modest salary by giving private lessons, and writing on historical and archaeological subjects for various local periodicals. In the meanwhile his cousin, Nestor L Hote, the friend and fellow-traveller of Champollion, died ; and upon Auguste Mariette devolved the pious task of sorting the multitudinous papers of the deceased savant. The young man thenceforth became passionately interested in Egyptology, devoted himself to the study of hieroglyphs and Coptic, and in 1847 pub lished a Catalogue Analytiqiie of the Egyptian Gallery of the Boulogne Museum. He had now found his vocation, and in 1849, being appointed to a subordinate position in the Louvre, left Boulogne for Paris. Entrusted shortly after with a Government mission for the purpose of seeking and purchasing Coptic, Syriac, Arabic, and Ethiopic MSS. for the national collection, he started for Egypt in 1850. Soon after his arrival he made his celebrated discovery of the ruins of the Serapeum and the subterraneous catacombs of the Apis-bulls, buried for probably some two thousand years under the sands of the Libyan desert (see vol. vii. p. 773). His original mission being abandoned, funds were now advanced for the prosecution of his researches, and he remained in Egypt for four years, excavating, discover ing, and despatching archasological treasures to the Louvre, of which museum he was, on his return, appointed an assistant conservator. In 1858, by permission of his own Government, he accepted the position of conservator of Egyptian monuments to the ex-khedive, Ismail-Pasha, and so removed with his family to Cairo. His history thenceforth becomes a chronicle of unwearied exploration and brilliant success. The pyramid-fields of Memphis and Sakkara, arid the necropolises of Meydum, Abydos, and Thebes were ransacked for sepulchral treasures ; the great temples of Denderah arid Edfoo were disinterred, and, with their tens of thousands of inscriptions and bas-relief;-, restored to the light of day ; important excavations were carried out at Karnak, Medinet-Habu, and Deir-el- Bahiri ; Tanis (the Zoan of the Bible) was partially explored in the Delta ; and even Gebel Barkal in the far Soudan was made to yield monuments of the Ethiopic kings.
The Sphinx was also bared to the rock-level, and the famous