546 M A K M A R battalions and artillery divisions at Kiel and Wilhelmshafen are in tended for coast defence onlj r . In Holland, Austria, and Italy also they have a military organization, but do not form a recognized part of the complements of sea-going ships. America alone employs marines in the same manner as England ; and they have won, as their British comrades have, the approbation of the naval authorities and, on nineteen occasions, the thanks of Congress. Admiral Farra- gut s opinion that the marine guard is one of the great essentials of a man-of-war" is corroborated by that of Admiral Wilkes, who considered that " marines constituted the great difference between a man-of-war and a privateer." Formed in 1775 for the "publick defense," they rank as the oldest force in the American service ; and since that time they have shared in land and sea opera tions in all parts of the world. In the famous battles between the " Bonhomme Kichard"and "Serapis" in 1777, and in that between the "Chesapeake" and "Shannon," they displayed brilliant gallantry; and while on the one hand they at Derne in 1803 first planted the American flag on a fortress of the Old World, for which exploit "Tripoli" is inscribed on their colours, they on the other shared in the hard fighting of the Mexican war as well as all the import ant coast actions of the civil war of 1861-65. A proposal to incor porate them with the army after the struggle met with universal condemnation from the authorities best qualified to judge of their value. At present they number seventy-eight officers and two thousand men under the command of a commandant, who ranks as brigadier-general, with headquarters at Washington. Their administration, organization, and equipment are, as in England, identical with those of the soldiers of the line. They are enlisted for five years, must be 5 feet 6 inches in height, between eighteen and thirty-five years of age, and able to read and write. The complement on board ship varies from thirteen to fifty -one officers and men, depending on the rating of the vessel. Their device is a globe resting on an anchor and surmounted by an eagle. "Ever faithful " is the title which Captain Luce, the historian of the force, appropriately applies to them. (C. C. K.) MARINI, or MARINO, GIAMBATTISTA (1569-1625), Italian poet, was born at Naples on October 18, 1569. At an early age he secured the powerful patronage of Cardinal Aldobrandini, whom he accompanied from Rome to Ravenna and Turin. His ungoverned pen and dis ordered life compelled him to take refuge from 1615 to 1622 in Paris, where he was favourably recognized by Mary de Medici. He died at Naples on March 25, 1625. See ITALY, vol. xiii. p. 511. MARINUS I. (MARTINUS II.) succeeded John VIII. in the pontificate about the end of December 882. On thres separate occasions he had been employed by the three popes who preceded him as legate to Constantinople, his mission in each case having reference to the controversy excited by Photius. Among his first acts as pope were the restitution of Formosus, cardinal bishop of Porto, and the anathematizing of Photius. He died in May or June 884, his successor being Adrian III. MARINUS II. (MARTINUS III.), pope from 942 to 946, was preceded by Stephen IX., and followed by Agapetus II. MARION, FRANCIS (1732-1795), American general, was born in 1732 at Winyah, near Georgetown, South Carolina. In 1759-61 he served as lieutenant in expedi tions against the Cherokees, and in 1775 he was elected a member of the provincial congress of South Carolina. This voted two regiments of infantry, and Marion was elected captain in the second. He was made lieutenant- colonel after the defence of Fort Moultrie at the entrance of Charleston harbour (June 28, 1776), and was present at the unsuccessful attack on Savannah, September 1779. In August he joined Gates, but was detached a few days before Gates s defeat at Camden on August 16 ; at Nelson s Ferry, on the 20th, lie rescued one hundred and fifty of the prisoners from a strong guard. He soon received a general s commission. Pursued by Tarleton and Wemyss, he was driven to North Carolina, but soon returned. After successful skirmishes against superior forces, he formed a camp at Snow s Island in the midst of the swamps of the Pedee and the Santee. In March 1781 he de feated Watson at Black River ; but meanwhile Doyle had destroyed Marion s camp. In xpril Lee and Marion took Fort Watson, and in May Fort Motte. In June Greene de tached Sumter with Marion and others to make an incursion into the low country. At Quinby Marion s men fought well against Coates; and in August he made a forced march to Parker s Ferry and rescued Colonel Harden, pressed by a superior force. At Eutaw Springs he commanded the right under Greene. After the British retreat to Charles ton, Marion went to an important session of the colonial assembly ; on the very day that he returned to his brigade, February 24, 1782, it was surprised and dispersed, Marion arriving too late to recover the day. After the war he occu pied himself with farming. He died February 27, 1795. MARIONETTES (probably from mono, a fool or buffoon), FANTOCCINI (from fantino, a child), or PUPPETS (poup&e, a baby or doll), are figures, generally below life- size, suspended by threads or wires and imitating with their limbs and heads the movements of living persons. The high antiquity of puppets appears from the fact that figures with movable limbs have been discovered in the tombs of Egypt and among the remains of Etruria ; they were also common among the Greeks, from whom they were imported to Rome. Plays in which the characters are represented by puppets or by the shadows of moving figures, worked by concealed performers who deliver the dialogue, are not only popular in India and China at the present day, but during several centuries past maintained an important position among the amuse ments of the people in most European countries. Goethe and Lessing deemed them worthy of attention ; and as late as 1721 Le Sage wrote plays for puppets to perform. Every one remembers in Don Quixote " the curious puppet show, which represents the play of Melisandra and Don Gayferos, one of the best shows that has been acted time out of mind in this kingdom." Reference to puppet shows is frequent in English literature from Chaucer onward. Thus Davenant says : " And man in chimney hid to dress Puppet that acts our old Queen Bess, And man that, while the puppets play, Through nose expoundeth what they say." The earliest performances in English were drawn or founded upon Bible narratives and the lives of the saints, in the same vein as the morality" plays which they suc ceeded. Popular subjects in the 16th century were The Prodigal Son and Nineveh, with Jonah and the Whale. And in a pamphlet of 1641, describing Bartholomew Fair, we read, " Here a knave in a fool s coat, with a trumpet sounding or a drum beating, invites you to see his puppets. Here a rogue like a wild woodman, or in an antic shape like an incubus, desires your company to view his motion." In 1667 Pepys recorded how, at Bartholomew Fair, he found " my Lady Castlemaine at a puppet play, Patient Grizill." Besides The Sorrows of Griselda, other puppet plays of the period were Dick Whittington, The Vagaries of Merry Andrew, and The Humours of Bartholomew Fair, Powell s noted marionette show was the subject of an article in The Toiler, 1709, and again in The Spectator, 1711. The latter refers also to Pinkethman, a "motion- maker," in whose scenes the divinities of Olympus ascended and descended to the strains of music. An idea of the class of representation may be gathered from an advertisement of Crawley, a rival of Pinkethman, which sets forth" The Old Creation of the World, with the addition of Noah s Flood," also several fountains playing water during the time of the play. The best scene represented " Noah and his family coming out of the ark, with all the animals two by two, and all the fowls of the air seen in a prospect sitting upon trees ; likewise over the ark is the
sun rising m a gorgeous manner ; moreover a multitude of