582 the church. For some time, doubtless during the Arian troubles, he lived, along with a presbyter friend, an ascetic life on the desert island of Gallinaria near Genoa ; in 360 he was again with Hilary at Poitiers, and founded in the neighbourhood the monasterium Locociagense (Licuge"). Here his miracles, which included more than one case of restoring the dead to life, were very numerous, and made him so famous that in 371 the people of Tours insisted on having him for their bishop. In this capacity he was extremely zealous and energetic in seeking to extirpate idolatry from his diocese and from France, and by example as well as by precept he did much for the spread of the monastic system. To obtain the privacy that he required for the maintenance of his personal religion, he established the monastery of Marmoutier-les-Tours (Martini mona sterium) on the banks of the Loire. At Treves, in 385, he was importunate in his entreaties that the lives of the Priscillianist heretics should be given them, and he ever afterwards refused to hold ecclesiastical fellowship with those bishops who had sanctioned their execution. He died at Candes about the year 400, and is commemorated by the Roman Church on November 11 (duplex). He is the patron saint of France, and of the cities of Mainz and Wurzburg. The Life by his disciple Sulpicius Severus is practically the only source we have for his biography, but it is full of legendary matter and chronological inaccuracies. The feast of St Martin (Martinmas) took the place of an old pagan festival, and inherited some of its usages (such as the Martinsmannchen, Martinsfeuer, Martinshorn, and the like, in various parts of Germany) ; by this circumstance is most probably to be explained the fact that he is regarded as the patron of drinking and jovial meetings, as well as of reformed drunkards. MARTIN" I., pope, succeeded Theodore I., in June or July 649. He had previously acted as papal apocrisiarius at Constantinople, and was held in high repute for learning and virtue. Almost his first official act was to summon a synod (the first Lateran) for dealing with the Monothelite heresy. It met in the Lateran church, was attended by one hundred and five bishops (chiefly from Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, a few being from Africa and other quarters), held five sessions or "secretarii" from the 5th to the 31st of October 649, and in twenty canons condemned the Monothelite heresy, its authors, and the writings by which it had been promulgated. In this condemnation were included, not only the " Ecthesis " or exposition of faith of the patriarch Sergius for which the emperor Heraclius had stood sponsor, but also the " Typus " of Paul, the successor of Sergius, which had the support of the reigning emperor (Constans II. ). Martin was very energetic in publishing the decrees of his Lateran synod in an encyclical, and Constans replied by enjoining his exarch to seize the pope, should he persist in this line of conduct, and send him prisoner to Constantinople. These orders were found impossible of execution for a considerable space of time, but at last Martin was arrested in the Lateran (June 15, 653), hurried out of Rome, and conveyed first to Naxos and subsequently to Constancinople (September 17, 654). After suffering an exhausting imprisonment and many pablic indignities, he was ultimately banished to Cherson, where he arrived on March 26, 655, and died on the 16th of September following. His successor was Eugenius I. A full account of the events of his pontificate will be found in Hefele s Condliengeschichte, vol. iii., 1877. MARTIN II. See MARINUS I. MARTIN III. See MARINUS II. MARTIN IV., pope from 1281 to 1285, was the suc cessor of Nicholas III. He was a native of Touraine, bom about 1210, and his proper name was Simon de Brion. After holding various offices at Rouen and Tours, he was made chancellor of France by Louis IX. in 1260, and cardinal by Urban IV. in 1261. He acted as legate for this pope and also for his successor Clement IV. in the negotiations for the assumption of the crown of Sicily by Charles of Anjou, and he is supposed also to have stimu lated the ambition of Philip III. for the imperial dignity in 1273. After the death of Nicholas III. (August 1280) Charles of Anjou was able to secure the election of Cardinal Simon by the conclave at Viterbo (February 22, 1281). The Romans declined to receive him within their walls, and he was crowned at Orvieto. At the instance of Charles, whose tool he had become, he in November 1281 excommunicated the emperor Michael Paloeologus, who stood in the way of the French projects against Greece, an act by which the union of the Eastern and Western churches was rendered impossible. For three years after the Sicilian Vespers in 1282 all the spiritual and material resources at his command were in vain employed on behalf of his patron against Peter of Aragon. He died at Perugia on March 25, 1285, and was succeeded by Honorius IV. MARTIN V. (Otto di Colonna), pope from 1417 to 1431, was elected on St Martin s day at Constance by a conclave consisting of twenty-three cardinals and thirty delegates of the council, which after deposing John XXIII. had long experienced much perplexity from the conflicting claims of Gregory XII. and Benedict XIII. The son of Agapito Colonna and Catarina Conti, born about 1368, he belonged to one of the oldest and most distinguished families of Rome, became apostolic protonotary under Urban VI., was created cardinal-deacon by Innocent VII., and in 1410 was the delegate of Alexander V. to hear the appeal which had been taken in that year to the papal see by John .Huss. He was justly esteemed for his moderation, learn ing, uprightness, and business capacity, but he failed to achieve, as he might have done, the honour of being a reforming pope. His first act after his election was to publish a brief confirming all the regulations made by his predecessors with regard to the papal chancery, regula tions which had long been the subject of just complaint. When the "nations" of the council pressed their plans for reform, Martin submitted a counter scheme, and ultimately entered into negotiations for separate concordats, for the most part vague and illusory, with Germany, England, and France. He left Constance at the close of the council (May 1418), but travelled slowly through Italy, lingered at Florence, and did not venture to enter Rome until September 1420, when his first task was to seek to restore it to the prosperity and order to which it had become a stranger. In accordance with the decree of Constance, confirmed by himself, ordering that councils should be held every five years, he in 1423 summoned the council which met at Pavia and afterwards at Siena : it was some what poorly attended, and this circumstance gave the pope a pretext for dissolving it as soon as it had come to the resolution that "internal church union by reform ought to take precedence of external union." It was prorogued for seven years, and then met at Basel ; shortly after its open ing Martin died of apoplexy, on February 20, 1431. His successor was Eugenius IV. MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854), a popular English painter, was born at Haydon Bridge, near Hexham, on the 19th of July 1789. On account of his early interest in art he was apprenticed by his father to a coachbuilder to learn heraldic painting, but owing to a quarrel the indentures were cancelled, and he was placed under Bonifacio Musso, an Italian artist, father of the well- known enamel painter Charles Musso. With his master Martin removed to London in 1806, where he married at the age of nineteen, and led a struggling life, supporting
himself by giving drawing lessons, and by painting in