612 MASSACHUSETTS south-east parts of the State are level, with a slightly elevated ridge (Manomet) south of Plymouth, sandy in soil, with tracts of forest, largely white pine, and well watered by ponds. Between Plymouth and Buzzard s Bay there is the most considerable region of untamed soil in the State, where deer are occasionally seen. South of Cohasset the shore is sandy, with a few isolated rocky ledges and boulders. About Boston, and to the north of it, the shore is rocky and picturesque. Massa chusetts Bay is a name now applied to the gulf of which the outer limits are Cape Cod and Cape Ann ; but in early days it was applied to the enclosed lesser bay on its western side, now called Boston Harbour, the finest road stead on the coast. The extreme hook of the Cape Cod peninsula forms Provincetown Harbour, which is an excellent and capacious port of refuge for vessels approach ing Boston. Salem Harbour is the most considerable other haven on the bay; while on Buzzard s Bay New Bedford has a good harbo.ur. The principal islands lie off the southern coast. The largest is Martha s Vineyard, 21 miles long, with an average breadth of 5 or 6. It has in Holmes s Hole a spacious harbour, much frequented by wind-bound vessels seeking a passage round Cape Cod. The island is interesting as the scene of Mayhew s missionary efforts among the Indians, and it still harbours a remnant of a tribe. It has a popu lation (4300 in 1880) formerly dependent wholly upon the sea ; and of late years it has become a summer resort of much popularity. Farther east, Nantucket, an island of triangular shape, 15 miles long and 11 wide at its eastern end, is likewise the home of a seafaring folk (popu lation in 1880, 3727), who still retain in some degree primitive habits, though summer visitors are more and more affecting its life. Nantucket Shoals, south-east of the island, is a large sandbank dangerous to navigation. Flora and Fauna. The original native trees and plants did not vary from what is common to New England and northern New York. The presence of a dense population has driven some out, and brought in others, including some noxious weeds. The larger wild animals have disappeared except an occasional deer ; but small game still runs, and even within the municipal limits of Boston wild foxes are occasionally killed. No very large birds frequent the State, though a stray eagle is sometimes seen. Reptiles of a harmless kind are found, and three kinds of venomous snakes, the latter even near Boston, particu larly in the Blue Hills of Milton. Fish are abundant on the coast, and the cod is sometimes used as an emblem of the State, a figure of one hanging in the Representatives Chamber at the State House. The artificial propagation and preservation of salmon and other edible pond and river fish have been of late carried on successfully under the supervision of a State commission Geology. Professor N. S. Shaler of Harvard University says : " Geologically as well as topographically, the State is divided into four districts, which extend farther than the State limits. In the south-eastern part the whole of Cape Cod and Plymouth county is made up of rearranged glacial drift. Westward, from the shore region to the Connecticut, the rocks are of the Laurentian, Cambrian, and Carboniferous ages. The Connecticut river flows through a basin of Triassic rocks, abounding in reptilian footprints. West of this basin, to the New York line, the surface is occupied by an extensive series of highly metamorphosed rocks, the age of which is doubtful ; but the series is certainly as old as the Silurian. The whole surface of the State was greatly affected by the last glacial period, as much so as Scotland or Sweden. " The economic resources are limited. An area of about 250 square miles in the south-eastern part of the State shows Carboniferous rocks, containing several coals. The deep drift coating, the profoundly dislocated character of the beds, and the graphitic nature of the coals have made mining unsuccessful. Mines of silver-bearing lead have at times been worked in the north-eastern shore districts, and in the Connecticut valley, but without profit. Emery is now successfully worked in the western district. There are also deposits of hematite iron ores all along the border of New York, which are considerably worked. There are numerous quarries of sienite in the eastern parts of the State, some of red sandstone in the Connecticut valley,. and of white marble in the western regions." Climate. The climate is a trying one, showing great extremes (20 Fahr. below and 100 above), with about 42 inches of rainfall. The mean average temperature of Boston is 48 Fahr. In the interior it is a trifle lower. Changes are often sudden, and the passage from winter to summer is by a rapid spring. The ocean tempers the climate considerably on the seaboard. Boston harbour has been frozen over in the past, but steam-tugs plying constantly prevent now the occurrence of such obstruction. Agriculture. The soil, except in some of the valleys, can hardly be called naturally fertile ; and sandy barrens are common in the south-eastern parts. High cultivation, how ever, has produced valuable market-gardens about Boston and the larger towns ; and industry has made the tilling of the earth sustaining in most other parts ; while the average sterility of the soil has doubtless had a strong influence in developing a sturdy yeomanry in the rural regions. In 1875 671,131 tons of hay were cut. On the seaboard some extensive salt marshes yield a hay which is much prized. The corn crop diminished one half from 1855 to 1875. The State produced in 1880 1,797,593 bushels of Indian corn, 15,768 of wheat, 645,159 of oats, 80,128 of barley, 213,716 of rye, 67,117 of buckwheat. In 1870 the average cash value per acre of principal farm- crops was $26 71, which amount is exceeded only in Rhode Island. In the Connecticut valley tobacco is grown, 3358 acres being given to it in 1880, producing 5,369,436 Ib, which gives the State the thirteenth rank in the Union. In forty years the sheep have fallen from 384,614 to 65,123 in 1880; and in the same year there were 139,861 horses and 174,859 cows. In 1880 there were 38,406 farms, of which 35,266 were owned by occupants. Most of them were between 20 and 500 acres each, nearly 12,000 having over 100 acres. The Population and its Condition. The State is divided into twelve congressional districts, each entitled to one representative in the Federal Congress, and representing from 151,000 to 181,000 inhabitants. It is divided also into 346 towns, and these are grouped into 14 counties, with an aggregate in 1880 of 1,783,085 inhabitants, of whom the native-born are 1,339,594, and the foreign-born 443,491. This population was divided into 379,710 families, living in 281,188 dwellings, with nearly 222 persons to the square mile, and less than an average of 3 acres to carh person. Nearly every fifth person is a voter. The total vote in the presidential campaign of 1880 was 282,512. The number of persons born within Massachusetts, and living in 1880 out of the State, but within the limits of the United States, was 1,356,295. The popu lation at past censuses has been 1790 378,787 1800 422,845 1810 472,040 1820 523,159 1830 610,408 1840 737,609 1850 994,514 1860 1,231,066 1870 1,457,351 1880 1,783,085 There were, in 1880, 31 cities and towns of over 10,000 inhabit ants. Sir tlis and Deaths. It is calculated that to every 1000 inhabit ants the births are more than 23, the marriages about 8, the death.-, 184, the excess of births over deaths being nearly 5. In 1880 44,217 were born, and 15,538 couples were married, while 35,292 persons died, at an average age of thirty-two years. Taking persons over twenty years of age, the deaths in 37 j years were
187,264, with an average age of 51 42. During sixteen years the