T( 794 M E D M E D GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE MEDICI. Giovanni d Averardo, known as Giovanni tli Bicci, 13GO-1429 Piccarda Bueri. Cosimo the Elder, 13S9-1464=Contessina de Bardi. I Piero, 1416-1469 iLucrezia Tornabuoni, f 1482. Giovanni, 1424-1463 =Ginevra degli Alessandri. Lorenzo, 1395-1440 =Ginevra Cavaleanti. I Pier Francesco, f 1467 =Laudomia Acdaiuoli. Lorenzo il Giuliano, Bianca Nannina Maria (nat.) Magnifico, 1453-1478. =Guglielmo ^Bernardo =Lionetto Giovanni, 1467-1498 Lorenzo, 1449-1492 del Pazzi. Rucellai. de Rossi. =Caterina Sforza Riario, t 1503 s=Clarice Orsini, Giulio (Clement f 1509 - =Semiramide Appiani. 1 1488. VII.), 1478-1534. 1 | Giovanni delle Bande Nere, Pier Francesco, ) 1525 Pietro, Giovanni Giuliano, Lucrezia Maddalena Contessina =Mana Salviati, 1471 1503 (Leo X ) duke Of Giacnmn Franrp<i<>hpttn Piovr, Alfonsina 1475-1521. Nemours, Salv Orsini, 1479-1516 t 1520. =Philiberta | of Savoy. iati. Cj bo. Ridolfi. COSIMO I., 1519-1574, ^ LaudUia Madd alena Ginllano, Niccolb =1. Eleonora of Toledo, g|" -pi cro =Roberto bishop of Ri , ]olfi fg Strozzi. Strozzi. Beziers. niuoin, 2. Camilla Martelli. Ls cardinal. o; B. Lorenzo, Clarice, Ippolito duke of t 1528 (nat.), Urbino, = Filippo cardinal, 1492-1519 Strozzi. 1511-1535. =Madeleine Ill 1 It 1 FRANCESCO, a O o FERDINAND I., Pietro, Isabella, o Virginia, 1541 1587 g o 3 1549 1609 1554 1604 1542 1576 _^ Cesare de la Tour I | d Auvergne, Giovanni " .Maria t 1519. Salviati, =Giovanni = cardinal, delle Bande Nere. Elena Jacopo V. Appiani. =1. Joanna -~ g g- =Cristina of =Eleonora =Paolo v-g d Este, of Austria, -** _,. Lorraine, of Toledo, Giordano S g duke of t!578; K" ^ f!637. t 1576. Orsini. ^o Modena. 2. Bianca S g g Cappello, 7 *> 1 1 tlS87. Ill 1 Alessandro Caterina, | COSIMO II., o Caterina= Claudia, (nat,), 1519-lo89 Innocenzo Cybo Lorenzo Cvbo Caterina Cybo, Maria, 1590-1621 . __ f Ferdinand =1. Fedcrigo t 1537. =nenry II.. Cardinal. =Ricciarda duchess of t 1642 =Maria ^ _,.,<= ^ | Gonzaga, della Rovere, king of Malaspina, Camerino. Henry IV., Maddalena gS t-ig ^3 duke of hereditary France, princess of king of of Austria, .*? 1 i* o Mantua. prince of Massa. Fiance. f 1631. Urbino; . 2. Leopold ef Austi ian I I i 1 I I i rj y L FERDINAND II., Francesco, Mattia, Leopoldo, Giovanni Anna Margherita 1610-1670 t 1634. f 1667. cardinal, Carlo, =Ferdinand =0doardo Vittoria =Vittoria della t 1675. cardinal, of Austrian Farnese, della Rovere. Rovere, t 1694. t 1663. Tyrol. duke of | Parma. COSIMO III., 1642-1723 - Marguerite Louise of Orleans, t 1721. Francesco Maria, 1660-1711 (cardinal until 1709) =Eleonora Gonzaga. Ferdinand, 1663-1713 =Violante of Bavaria, 1 1731. GIOVAN GASTONE, 1671-1737 = Anna Maria of Saxe-Lauenbui g, t 1741. Anna Maria Luisa, 1667-1743 =John William of the Palatinate. PART I SYNOPTICAL VIEW OF MEDICINE. MEDICINE, the subject-matter of one of the learned professions, includes, as it now stands, a wide range of scientific knowledge and practical skill. The history of its growth from small beginnings in Greece is traced in the second section of the present article ; it remains here to give a synoptical view of medicine, including its scientific or philosophical position, its subdivisions or ramifications as an art and discipline, and its relations to the body politic. Scientific Position of Medicine. The science of medicine is the theory of diseases and of remedies. While the notion of disease is necessarily or inevitably correlated with the notion of health, there is no necessary and invari able relation, but, on the other hand, a merely conventional association, between a disease and a remedy. That part of the science of medicine which corresponds to the theory of remedies is not therefore in a position scientifically inferior to the theory of diseases ; for each article of the materia medica apart from a few inert substances has a certain effect on the organism in health and in disease, which is ascertainable with scientific precision. Those properties and actions of drugs are the subject of pharmacology and toxicology ; the circumstances under which the several articles of the materia medica become remedial are the subject of therapeutics, and therapeutics is dependent for its scientific position upon the completeness of the theory of diseases, or pathology. Disease is the correlative of health, and the word is not capable of a more penetrating definition. From the time of Galen, however, it has been usual to speak of the life of the body either as proceeding in accordance with nature (/cara (f)vcrLv, secundum naturani) or as overstepping the bounds of nature (Trapa <t cru/, prseter naturam). Taking disease to be a deflexion from the line of health, the first requisite of medicine is an extensive and intimate acquaintance with the norm of the body. The normal condition of the body is capable of being determined without ambiguity ; it is the absence from its structures and functions of every disease hitherto known. The structure and functions of the body form the subject of anatomy and physiology. Physiology is, strictly speaking, the science of that which is Kara (frvo-Lv, or secundum natitram, and it is usual to say that the theory of diseases is based upon physiology. But, although all that was implied in the Hippocratic term </R o-is (natura) may be claimed as the subject-matter of physiology, yet, in the ordinary connotation of the term, physiology divides the empire with anatomy. To physio
logy the functions of the body are usually assigned, and to