their lower slopes being occupied with villas. The streets are wide, regular, and well-paved. The principal buildings are the court-house in the Grecian style, the town-hall, and the custom-house. On the adjoining slopes to the east are the picturesque ruins of Newark Castle, the ancient seat of the Maxwells. There are large and commodious harbours, a wet dock, and a graving dock. The port carries on an extensive trade with British North America, the United States, the Indies, and the Levant, the principal exports being iron, steel, machinery, and textile manufactures. The trade, though checked for a time by the rapid progress of Greenock, has been for some years on the increase. The shipbuilding-yards give employment to a large number of persons both in the town and the neighbouring burgh of Greenock. Connected with the shipbuilding industry there are manufactures of sail-cloth, ropes, anchors, and chain cables, also engineering and riveting works, and iron and brass foundries. The population of the police burgh in 1851 was 6986, which in 1871 had increased to 10,823, and in 1881 to 13,224. The population of the parlia mentary burgh in 1881 was 10,802. Originally the district formed part of the adjoining parish of Kihnalcolm, the nucleus of the town being the small village of Newark attached to the barony of that name. In 1688 it was purchased from Sir Patrick Maxwell of Newark by the magistrates of Glasgow, to provide a convenient harbour for vessels belonging to the city. In 1695 it was disjoined from Kihnalcolm and erected into a separate parish under the name of New Port Glasgow, after wards Port Glasgow. In 1710 it was made the chief custom-house port for the Clyde, but is now under the control of the Greenock office ; and in 1775 it was created a burgh of barony. Under the Municipal Act of 1883 the town is governed by a provost, two bailies, and six councillors. Since the tirst Reform Act it has been included in the Kilmarnock parliamentary district of burghs.
PORT HOPE, a town and port of entry of Canada, in
Durham county, Ontario, on the north shore of Lake
Ontario, lies 63 miles north-east of Toronto by the Grand
Trunk Railway (which is there met by the midland branch
of the Grand Trunk Railway), and is connected with
Charlotte, the port of Rochester, New York, by a daily
steamboat service. The town is picturesquely situated on
the side and at the foot of hills overlooking the lake ; and
Smith s Creek, by which it is traversed, supplies abundant
water-power. Flour, plaster, woollen goods, leather, beer,
carriages, agricultural implements, and steam-engines and
boilers are among the objects of the local industries, and
trade is carried on in lumber, grain, and flour. The value
of the exports was $1,326,706 in the year ending 30th
June 1884, and that of the imports $221,830. The popu
lation in 1881 was 5585.
PORT HURON, a city and port of entry of the United
States, county seat of St Clair county, Michigan, lies 58
miles by rail north-east of Detroit, at the southern extremity
of Lake Huron and on the west bank of the St Clair river,
which is there joined by the Black river. Port Huron is
a point of great importance in the railway system, being
the terminus of the Chicago and Grand Trunk and the
Port Huron and North-Western Railways (lines to East
Saginaw, Sand Beach, Almont, and Port Austin), and
connected by ferry to Sarnia with the Great Western of
Canada and the Grand Trunk Railways. It is also the
terminus and a stopping- place of several lines of lake
steamers. It has a large lumber trade, ship -yards, dry
docks, saw-mills, flour-mills, planing-mills. The population
was 5973 in 1870, 8883 in 1880, and 10,396 in 1884.
Commenced in 1819, Port Huron was incorporated as a
village in 1835, and as a city in 1857.
PORTICI, a town of Italy, 5 miles south of Naples, on
the shores of the bay and at the foot of Vesuvius, a little
to the north of the site of Herculaneum. It is traversed
by the high road and the railway from Naples (only 5
miles distant) to Salerno. The palace, erected in 1737,
once contained the Herculanean antiquities, now removed
to Naples, and since 1882 it has been a school of agriculture.
There is a small harbour. The population (9963 in the
town in 1881, and 12,709 in the commune, which includes
Addolorata) is partly engaged in the fisheries, silk-growing,
and silk-weaving.
PORT JERVIS, a large village of the United States,
in Deerpark township, Orange county, New York, situated
at the intersection of the boundaries of New Jersey, New
York, and Pennsylvania, at the junction of the Neversink
with the Delaware. It is the terminus of the eastern divi
sion of the New York, Lake Erie, and Western Railroad,
and of the Port Jervis and Monticello Railroad, and it has
extensive repair-shops. The beauty of the surrounding
scenery attracts summer visitors. Port Jervis was named
after John B. Jervis, engineer of the Delaware and Hudson
Canal, which connects the Pennsylvanian coal-fields with
the tidal waters of the Hudson. In 1875 the Erie Railway
bridge, the Barrett bridge, and many buildings were carried
away by an icegorge. The population of the village was
6377 in 1870, and 8678 in 1880 (township 11,420).
PORTLAND, a city and port of entry of the United
States, capital of Cumberland county, Maine, lies on Casco
Bay, in 43 39 N. lat. and 70 13 W. long. By rail it
is 108 miles north-north-east of Boston and 297 south
east of Montreal. The peninsula on which it is mainly
built runs out for about 3
miles, has a breadth of about
f mile, and rises in the west
to 175 feet in BramhalPs Hill
and in the east to 161 in Mun-
joy s Hill, which is crowned
by an observatory. As seen
from the harbour, the whole
city has a pleasant and pic
turesque appearance, and the
streets are in many parts so
umbrageous with trees that FIG. 1. Environs of Portland.
Portland has obtained the sobriquet of the " Forest City."
A large number of the houses are built of brick. Congress
street, the principal thoroughfare, runs along the whole
ridge of the peninsula, from the western promenade, which
looks down over the suburbs from Bramhall s Hill to the
eastern promenade, which commands the bay ; it passes
Lincoln Park (2| acres) and the eastern cemetery, which
contains the graves of Commodore Preble and Captains
Burroughs and Blythe, of Revolutionary fame. On Bram
hall s Hill is the reservoir (12,000,000 gallons) of the
water company, which was established in 1867 to supply
the city from Lake Sebago, whose beautiful expanse (14
miles long by 1 1 wide) was the favourite haunt of Nathaniel
Hawthorne s boyhood. The more conspicuous buildings
of Portland are the city hall (1859), with a front in olive-
coloured freestone, 150 feet long; the post-office (1872),
constructed of Vermont white marble in the mediaeval
Italian style; the custom-house (1872), in granite, with
rich marble ornamentation in the interior ; the marine
hospital (1855), a large brick erection ; the Maine general
hospital, 1868 ; the Roman Catholic cathedral ; the Roman
Catholic episcopal palace ; and several fine churches. The
Portland Society of Natural History, established in 1843
and incorporated in 1850, though it has twice lost its
property by fire (1854 and 1866), has again acquired very
valuable collections. The Portland institute and public
library, dating from 1867, had 30,000 volumes in 1884.
A medical school was founded in 1858. Portland is in
the main a commercial city, with an extensive transit
trade, drawing largely from Canada and the Far West.
Connected with Boston by rail in 1842, and with Montreal
