STATISTICS.] PORTUGAL 537 the climate there very sultry owing to the sea-breezes being intercepted by the Serra de Monchique and other mountains, a profuse vegetation takes away much of the tropical effect, so that it is a far shadier and more agree able province than Alemtejo. Although such a rainy country, Portugal is very rarely visited by thunderstorms ; but, on the other hand, shocks of earthquake are frequently felt, and recall the great earthquake of Lisbon in 1755. The geology, flora, and fauna of Portugal are essentially the same as those of Spain, and will be studied under SPAIN (q.v.). Population. The population of Portugal, according to the census of 1st January 1878, was 4,160,315, and in 1881 it was calculated to be 4,306,554, or 125 persons to the square mile. The following is a table of the popula tions of the different provinces and districts according to the census of 1878 and the official estimate of 1881 : 3348 for the Portuguese colonies in Africa, and 95 for Asia. It will be noticed that the majority of these emigrants come from the wealthy northern provinces and the sober population of Entre Minho e Douro, while the number from the fever -stricken Alemtejo is practically nil. Colonies. See AZORES, CAPE VERD ISLANDS, GOA, MACAO, Colonies, MADEIRA, MOZAMBIQUE, and COLONY (vol. vi. p. 1 61). Commerce. The commerce of Portugal has not rapidly, though Corn- it has steadily, increased during the last thirty years ; the chief merce. countries with which it trades are, in order of value, England .and her colonies, Brazil, the United States, France, and Spain ; but it is hardly fair to mention commerce with Spain, because the large amount of smuggling which takes place makes it impossible to estimate the real amount of trade between the two countries. The following table of exports and imports in nineteen classes, compiled by Mr George Brackenbury, British consul at Lisbon, dated 24th April 1884, is published in the Consular Reports for 1884, and contains the latest information on Portuguese trade and commerce. It will be noticed that the chief imports are bread- stuffs, metals, cottons, and minerals, and the chief exports fer mented liquors, live stock (which is nearly all sent to England), Districts. Population. Provinces. Population. Tariff Classes. Imports. Exports. 1878. 1881. 1878. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1882. 1883. Vianna do Castello 201,390 319,464 461,881 224,628 168,651 257,049 371,571 292,037 228,494 173,983 192,982 220,881 49S,059 101,126 106,858 142,119 211,539) 336,248 V 466,981 ) 225,090 ) 171,586 [ 270,266-N, 387,208 307,426 1 234,368 f 178,164 !
199,645) 227,943 V 518,884) 105,247 ) 112,735 > 149,187) Entre Minho e Douro Tras-os-Montes Beira 982,735 393,279 1,323,134 911 9 <)o 1,014,768 396,670 1,377,432 946 472 1. Live animals .... 228,3292 423,204 345,432 495,441 202,551 850,303 169,986 230,514 1,694,163 752,145 166,183 1,057,334 493,73(5 44,031 81,016 102,120 76,125 133,844 537,234 221,908 392,101 325,304 514,166 212,818 870,001 169,944 236,093 1,272,540 684,921 171,956 1,359,768 525,770 27,848 64,728 103,496 73,658 117,699 468,459 605,916 138,397 141,160 59,058 13,638 19,743 5,654 602,116 93,466 80,393 401,222 616,189 348,823 2,217,511 4,353 16,473 89,445 7,693 89,762 640,950 105,798 152,104 58,544 6,554 15,498 5,940 585,272 74,452 20,511 336,704 148,569 341,072 2,479,218 3,854 11,551 98,029 7,852 70,114 Porto 2. Animal products Villa Real Vileu l Alta f Cohnbra) Beira ( Guarda ) R . ( C B-X}{ 5. Silk 6. Cotton 7. Flax and similar materials Estremadura 9. Bread-stuffs 10. Colonial produce (so called) 11. Divers vegetable substances 12. Metals 350,103 199,142 367,169 204,037 13 Minerals Port Ale< r re 15. Glass and ceramic ware. . . . 16. Paper, and manufactures in which it is used 17. Chemical products 18. Produce and compositions of various kinds 19. Manufactures of various materials Total.... Beja Algarves Faro 199,142 Porti J 1 204,037 igal 4,160,315 259,800 130,584 4,306,554 269,401 132,223 ladeira Total 4,550,699 4,708,178 8,083,751 7,813,178 5,501,012 5,162,586 According to the census of 1878 the following towns had a population of more than 10,000 each: Lisbon, 246,343; Oporto, 105,838; Braga, 19,755; Setubal, 14,798; Louie, 14,448; Coimbra, 13,369; Evora, 13,046; Tavira, 11,459; Covilha, 10,809; Elvas, 10,471; Povoa de Varzim, 10,365; Ovar, 10,022. The ethnological composition of the population is most mixed : in the two northern provinces the population is essentially Galician, but farther south the mixture be comes obvious ; not only did the conquering Portuguese largely intermarry with the Arabs, but in the places where they exterminated them they replaced them by colonies of crusaders of all nations, chiefly French, English, Dutch, and Frisian, Avho have left their mark on the features and character of the nation, and they also largely intermarried with the Jews. No Jews were so wealthy or so cultivated as those of Portugal, who, though for many centuries keeping strictly apart from the Christians, yet after their forced conversion or expulsion by King Emmanuel largely intermarried, especially with the people of Lisbon. Farther south an African physiognomy appears, derived from the thousands of negro slaves imported to till Alemtejo and Algarves, from the days of Dom Henry till the decline of the Portuguese power. Emigration is thinning the population, or rather keeping it from rapidly increasing ; and the following are the results of the statistics published by the Royal Geographical Society of Lisbon for 1872-81. There emigrated in the ten years between 1871 and 1881 from Entre Minho e Douro 51,531 persons, from Tras-os-Montes 7799, from Beira 31,437, from Estremadura 12,769, from Alemtejo 42, from Algarves 225, from the Azores 22,794, from Madeira 6410, making a grand total of 133,007. Of these emigrants 129,549 were bound for America, the whole number in all probability for the Brazils, 1 The Azores and Madeira are regarded as colonies and as an integral part of the country. Agriculture. The state of agriculture in Portugal is still deplor- Agricul- able ; the wealth and energy of the country have been thrown into ture. the wine trade, and the production and cultivation of cereals have been so much neglected that, in spite of its being eminently adapted for such cultivation, nearly all its cereals are imported from the United States, to the value in 1883 of over 1,000,000. The wine production, on which Portugal has so long depended, was the work of the Methuen treaty of 1703, for it was not until after that treaty that the barren rocks of the Alto Douro were covered with vines. But now, though the returns show slight alteration, there must soon be a great change. The phylloxera has utterly destroyed thousands of vineyards in Entre Minho e Douro and in Beira. The labours of the phylloxera commission seem unable to check its ravages ; 3 the commissioners themselves are hindered by the people, an inspector having been even shot at in the district of Riguengo. 4 The reason why no great alteration is to be perceived in the returns is that the great Oporto shippers have such vast stocks that it may be years before the want comes to be felt. To remedy the failure, which can be only a matter of time, tobacco-growing has been proposed (see Consul Crawfurd s Report], and will probably be tried in place of vine-culture. Portugal has lately become a great exporter of live stock to England, as also of large quantities of fruits and early vegetables, including oranges (especially from Condeixa), lemons, limes, peaches (from Amarante), and the celebrated Elvas plums. The difference in the character of the inhabitants of dif ferent provinces is well shown by the fact that in the north the peasant not only tends his vines but in many instances rears silk worms and even possesses olive trees, while in Alemtejo he is content to live upon chestnuts and to take care of his pigs and goats. Manufactures. Nothing proves more decidedly the agricultural Manu- character of the Portuguese than the repeated failures to establish factures. manufactures among them. This has often been ascribed to the provision respecting the importation of English goods in the Methuen treaty ; but not all the efforts of Pombal or of the modern protectionist cabinets have been able to establish any important manufactures. The following table, extracted from Consul Bracken- bury s Report, gives a list of the chief establishments for manu- 2 In the Consular Reports 1 milrei is taken to be equivalent to 4s. . See Consul Crawfurd s Report, Oporto, 1S84. 4 Mr Baring s Report.
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