the preference to the conclusions of reflection. People even said that he maintained snow to be really black; for
was it not produced from the dark water?Anaxagoras marks a turning point in the history of philosophy. With him specnhltloll passed from the colonies of Greece to ssttle at Athuils. Dy lhe theory of minute constituents of things, mill his onlphnsis on me chnniml prn-esses in the tonnetien of order, he pm’:-ll the my for the Atomic theory. By his enruirintien of the erder thnt comes lreru Rensun, en the other hnnrl, he sug- gested the theoly that nnlnrr is the work of Dr-sgn. But the fcntlum of this Reason he described ill a vague nml mmlcgiuil way. Aristotle and Plato have l)lnl'n('(l him for basing his explallntions en nzltlu-1l1,llot on nunl causes. Three 1-llxu-ges are stnrtely fair. Anmulgorns seems Io have held that the Ol'<].Cl’ was the work of Mind; but he needed not on that account to nssllllle what the order u-u<, lmd then employ the conception te Explain why things were so nnrl so. The euler is mtller the gclleml postulate whicll the details hnre to prove, instead of thenlsolves resting upon it. The eerrrrpneu of he-nsen in the uerlrl passed from him to Arlslulle, to whom it seemed the (hum of euher thought after n night of distanlpcred rlrenrns. From Aristotle it (lcscemlcd to his cunruieulnters, and under the inflnellw of Avcl-me»: became the cngl-ossillg topic of npeeulntinu. The rregrnents of Anrtxagol-us have been collected l1ySch:mb<lcll (Lcipsic, 1527), nurl Frhom (Bonn, 1829). See also )[nl.lach, Frvu/me-lzlrt 1"/lilos. Grwc. i. 243452.
ANAXARCHUS, n Gl-ecillll philosopher oi the chitin school, was born in Abdel-n, lmzl floulidled about 310 2,0. He was the colnpanilm of Alcxrtmler in his expeditiun into Asia, nnd seems, irein nneerletes thnt llrtve been preserved, (0 here mljoywl his illlimnle rnendship. He rheel-erl the vltillglory of Alcxander, uhen, eluted with pride, he aspired in the llonollrs oi llirillity, by poilltillg to his woulldrd finger saying, U see the blood of n nlortn], not pi a god." \\ n Alexander u-us tmnrea uixli rcrnorse at having slain his friend Cljtns, Annxaxclllls endellvolircd to eeethe hinl by saying, tlnrt n hirrgn, like the -arolhg cimld do no wmiig." It is suitl that I\ oereou, iy‘ml\t el Cyprus, cunllllmlthxl him to he pounded in n m0l‘i:l1',n.nd that he omlltmd this terture with the gr:-atest pnlienee; but the story is doulltlul, having no etlrlicr authority than Cicero. Regmilillg his pluleeuphienl tlocfrines we here nu ini'or— mrtlioll. Some have infcrl-ad from the epithet a58m;lcr V045: (H The Fm1ull:m2),1lsll:ll1y applied to him, tlnt he held Hie end of.
ANAXILAUS of Larissa, e physicizlll mid Pylhagtweiin philosopher, wns banished from Rome by Augustus, nu 25, on the cllnrgc of prnetising the lllrlgic nu. This uteusnien appears to lnve oi-u in his superior skill in llksfdldkfa philosophy, by rrlrieh he produced erreets lhnt the ignrnnne ntlributerlto urn, r (I-:useh., C/mm. ml 0l1/mp. clxxxviii St Ireu. i. 13 ; Phn. xix. 4, xxv. as, irxraii. 49, xxxv. 50.)
ANAXIMANDER, the second of the physicn1philoso— phers oi Ienn, helullgefl, lilre his predecessor Thnles, to the city uf Milehls. I-[is lliogiilplly is e blzulk. The eernputntirnrs of Apcl.loc'lorus have lirerl the yner of his birth lit G11, and of his llcalh a short while after 517 3.5. Tmditioll, prohehly correct in he gelloml estimate, repre- senre hiur nu n sirrnnsunrl elude-nt of nsmllmmy and gee gmplly, and ns end of the pionenrs of exnet science Ihe Gl-mks. But it is nut to his delinclltious of the (ii of lhe globe, er Lu his dialling, or to his enlnrgerl llcql nuw u-llhlhc celestial ph-.nomt-n:t, wpocially of the obliquity nf ihe eeliptie, that we eun nttrihule the prescrlmtioll er his name to llllz prnscnt (lay. That lJOI1l he owes lathe broml view»: of the origin of things which his glilllpscs ei nntlmll lulowlcdgc suggested, and which he propollndcd in n treatise on nature or gr-oulh (qiiicris). or that work only it few words are Icill. The beginning or firut plilltillllz (apxri, n word which, it is enirl, he was the flrst to use) was an and- less, unlhnited mass (l"L"lr£I.]K7V), subject neither to old llgc nor lleuty, .-unl perpetunlly yilzlding lreeh materials for the series oi beings which issued from it. It emhl-ilu-Ll every- thing, and rhreeled the movcment of things, by which there grew‘ up a host of slnrpes and differences. out of the vague and hrnillees body there sprung n eeutrnl mass,— this earth of runs, cylindrical in sl.lnpc,1loised equidistant lrnnr surroumling orbs of the, which hurl enginnlly clung 10 ll like the bail: ruunel ti tree, until their continuity was sevcl-ed, runl they per-terl iutn several wheekslmpell and fircrfilled lJIll)l)lQS of nil". Mull himself and the lminmls hnd come into being by like trunsnuumlions. Mnllkintl was supposed by Anuxirnnudur to lure sprung irnnr some ether species or animals, probably erprnlir. llui ns the lnl-ALslll-elem and cnzllws had been the prime cause of (ha nation into sepnnlte ehistences and imlividlml iox-ms, su ulse, in-conlillg tn the just. nu-nrnl nf desliuy,t1rnne for-his would ut en nppoilltcd eeneen sufiel' the vengmllce due in their earlier not at s(‘1):lrnilml,nll(l return into the vague imulellsity uheuee they had issued. Thus the Worltl, and all definite cxintenccs cuntaincnl in it, would lose their indu- penrlenee and tlisllppem‘. The “indctcn1-linnte" nlene is pcmnuinl and godlilrc, nllernluneing nnd :Ll1—,v;1xi:ling. The llhlzing orbs, which have dl-.m-n off from the will cm-tll and water, are llre hznlpomry gods of the world, chlslcriilg round the leartll, which, to the ancient tlriul-er, ie the eeutrul figure. (see hitter et Pl-ul.lcr, Ilistorirt 11/nl. §§ 17- - llllllllcll, Frtq/vzleizta Pllil. Grad. i. 237-240.)
ANAXIMENES of Miletus nrry hnre hem n yuungrr eorrleinpemry of Arm-iiurnuler, whose pupil or friend the orrhnmy trnrlitinn represents him in hnve been. To him it seenlell that the nir, with all its variety ol colltents, its uuiversnl llmscuce, nnrl nll lhe vagueness wllich it line for the popular {army as the nppmnt source of life mid gmmth, was what mxlintnillnxl the universe, even as bmcltll, which i our life lull] will, sllslzlills us. This vital l>oundl(».~s in its hind, is the sollme of the wnrld’3 hle. Evexythillg is air at cl diifcmul drgrcc of density. Etcmlll movement perrnrlus it ; nnd xlutlwthe iniluenee of heat, u lrieh erpnurle, and hi eohl,uhieh eontrneth its volume, it gives rim to the serernl phnrs of existence. The process is a gmduhl our-, and tulres plane in nro direclions, as heat er cold. predo- ulilllttcs. Ill ihih way was formed 1 bl-lxld di 1; of earth. which floats like a leaf on the 4-il-cnnlzmlhiunt air. Similar vsondcnszlliolls pro(\u:e(' the sun nml etrns ; lmd the Lhlmillg stall: et (hue bodies is due eulelyte the extreme releeity of their motions. (See Bitter at Pl-ell Jlialorizt Pllil. §§ 23- 27; ]lll.lIJ1iz‘.ll,1"'m{/1ne:z1zz1’Ill'[.(.'rz(‘L' .241~243).
ANAXIMENES, a Greek historian and rhetorician, was born at Lampascus, in Asia Minor, in the 4th century B.C. He accompanied Alexander, whom he is said to have instructed in rhetoric, on his expedition against Persia. He wrote a history of Philip and of Alexander, and likewise twelve books on the early history of Greece, but only a very few fragments of those exist. The treatise Ῥητορικ πρὸς Άλέξανδρον, usually included among the works of Aristotle, has been ascribed by many critics to Anaximenes, on grounds that are generally admitted to be conclusive.
Feb. 1794, and died 7th Sept. 1554. He collllllctccl his stlulias nt Paris, where hu nlmlc his literary clfillllt in 1819. uith Lmiis IX., e lirenet tmgcdy, of which three editions were speedily exhausted. It hurl n ruu el my represent.-r. tinue, luld bmllgllt him n pensiorr of 2000 rnnree fl-um the
king, Lnuis xvlll. His next \\'cl'ls The Meyer of the