A N T - A T which is situated near the south coast, and is reached by a narrow passage, that is broken by several steep and somewhat dangerous descents. The grotto itself, which is supposed to be about 80 feet high, and more than 300 in length and breadth, presents a scene of the most dazzling brilliance and splendour. M. de Nointel dis covered it in 1673, but there is reason to believe that it had been known to the ancients. ANTIPAS, HEROD. See HEROD ANTIPAS. ANTIPATER, regent of Macedonia during Alexander s Eastern expedition, 334 B.C. He gained this distinguished position by his faithful attachment and his prudence. In 330 he had to subdue the rebellious tribes of Thrace; but even before this insurrection was quelled, the Spartan king Agis had risen against Macedonia. Having settled affairs in Thrace as well as he could, Antipater hastened to the south, and in a battle near Megalopolis, gained a complete victory over the insurgents. His regency was greatly molested by the arrogance and ambition of Olympias, the mother of Alexander. The repeated complaints which both parties sent to Alexander induced the latter to invite Antipater to Asia, and to appoint Craterus regent in his instead. But before this could be effected, Alexander died at Babylon. In the first partition of the empire among the Macedonian generals, Antipater and Craterus had allotted to them the administration of the dominions in Europe with the exception of Thrace, which was given to Lysimachus. The death of Alexander tempted the Greeks to assert their independence, but the prudence and valour of Antipater crushed all attempts in the Lamian war, and established the Macedonian rule in Greece on a firm footing. At the same time Craterus was engaged In a war against the ^Etolians, when news arrived from Asia which induced Antipater to conclude peace with them ; for Antigonus reported that Perdiccas contemplated making himself sole master of the empire. Antipater and Craterus accordingly prepared for war against Perdiccas, and allied themselves with Ptolemy the governor of Egypt. Antipater crossed over into Asia in 321; and while still in Syria, he received information that Perdiccas had been murdered by his own soldiers. Antipater now, as sole regent, made several new regulations, and having commis sioned Antigonus to continue the war against Eumenes and the other partisans of Perdiccas, returned to Macedonia, where he arrived in 320. Soon after he was seized by an illness which terminated his active career 319 B.C. Passing over his son Cassander, he appointed Polysperchon regent, a measure which gave rise to much confusion and ill feeling. ANTIPHILUS, a painter of the 4th century before Christ, who was placed by the ancient critics in the highest rank after Apelles and Protogenes. He was born in Egypt, taught by Ctesidemus, and patronised by Philip of Mace- don, and Ptolemy, son of Lagus. Jealousy is said to have led him to bring a false accusation against Apelles, which resulted, according to the story, in his being handed over to his rival as a slave. In style the two artists were strong]y opposed ; Antiphilus being remarkable for a certain quick ness of conception, facility of execution, and lightness of treatment. ANTIPHON, the most ancient of the ten Athenian orators contained in the Alexandrine canon. He was born 480 B.C. at Pihamnus. During the Peloponnesian war he was several times entrusted with the command of detach ments of the Athenian forces, and took an active part in the political affairs of Athens. He had a hand in the overthrow of the democracy, and the establishment of the oligarchy of the Four Hundred, 411 B.C.; but as the new govern ment was soon after changed, Antiphon was accused of high treason, and put to death. He must be regarded as the founder of political oratory at Athens, for he was the first that reduced the art of the orator to definite rules and principles. He wrote speeches for others, but never addressed the people himself except at his own trial. Seventeen orations bearing his name are extant, but two or three of them may be spurious. They are printed in the various collections of the Greek Orators. From this Anti phon the orator we must distinguish two others : the one a philosopher, mentioned by Xenophon (Memor., i. 6), who is said to have written aboiit dreams ; and the other, a tragic poet, who lived at the court of the elder Dionysius. ANTIPHONY (dvri, and <f>wv^, a voice), a species of psalmody in which the choir or congregation, being divided into two parts, sing alternately. The peculiar structure of the Hebrew psalms renders it probable that the antiphonal method originated in the service of the ancient Jewish Church. According to the historian Socrates, its introduc tion into Christian worship was due to Ignatius (died, 115 A.D.), who in a vision had seen the angels singing in alter nate choirs. In the Latin Church it was not practised iintil more than two centuries later, when it was intro duced by Ambrose, bishop of Milan, who compiled an antiphonary, or collection of words suitable for antiphonal singing. The antiphonary still in use in the Roman Catholic Church was compiled by Gregory the Great (590 A.D.) ANTIPODES, a word of Greek derivation (avri, against, opposed to, 7ro8e9, feet), from the inhabitants walking feet to feet, is a relative term applied to any two peoples or places on opposite sides of the earth, so situated that a line drawn from the one to the other passes through the centre of the globe and forms a true diameter. Thus, the North Pole is exactly antipodal to the South. Any two places having this relation as London and, approxi mately, Antipodes Island, near New Zealand must be distant from each other by 180 degrees of longitude, and the one must be as many degrees to the north of the equator as the other is to the south. Noon at the one place is midnight at the other, the longest day corresponds to the shortest, and mid-winter is contemporaneous with mid-summer. In the calculation of days and nights, mid night on the one side may be regarded as corresponding to the noon either of the previous or of the following day. If a voyager sail eastward, and thus anticipate the sun, his dating will be twelve hours in advance, while the reckon ing of another who has been sailing westward will be as much in arrear. There will thus be a difference of twenty- four hours between the two. In this way the Portuguese in Macao are a day before their Spanish neighbours in the Philippine Islands. ANTIQUE, denoting etymologically anything that is ancient, is conventionally restricted to the remains of Greek and Roman art, such as sculptures, gems, medals, seals, &c. In this limited sense it does not include the artistic remains of other ancient nations, or any product of classical art of a later date than the fall of the Western Empire. ANTIQUITIES. In keeping with its derivation, the word "antiquities" had for long a wide and general acceptation, embracing everything belonging to the knowledge of the remoter past. The range of the term has been gradually lessened, and a distinction has grown up between history on the one hand and antiquities on the other, though the line of demarcation is not of the most definite kind. Dr Arnold made the distinction between the historian and the antiquary to consist in this, that the historian studied the past for the sake of its bearing on the present, while the antiquary was content to investigate it for its own sake alone. It might rather be said, however, that the historian is concerned with the activities of the past, the antiquary with the products the one with the progress and variation
of the creative processes, the other with the perceptible