8IMIAD.E.] APE 151 proximal phalanx of the index of the hand. There is an os intermedium in the carpus. The Inryngeal sacs are no longer prolongations of the laryngeal ventricles, but open into the larynx above the false vocal chords. The number of species is, as has been said, doubtful, but the following kinds are often reckoned as distinct, Syndactylus, Lar, Leuciscus, Agilis, Midlcri, Iiafflesii, Hoolock, Entelloides, Pileatus, and Funereus. On leaving the gibbons, vhich close the series of Anthro poid apes, ve come at once upon animals of very different aspect, and from creatures devoid of any vestige of a tail, we pass at once to monkeys, which have that organ at its maximum of development. These are the two genera Semnopithecus and Colobus, which so closely resemble each other as to be hardly separable, but for their different geographical distributions. Together they form the sub family Semnopithednce, and agree in having, as well as the long tail, arms shorter than the legs, and a slender body. They have small ischiatic callosities, but no cheek pouches. Their nails are compressed and pointed. Their stomach is very elongated and exceedingly sacculated, and their hinder- most lower grinding tooth has five tubercles. The laryn geal sac opens medianly into the front of the larynx, and is an extension of the thyro-hyoid membrane. The thumb is small or absent. The genus Semnopithecus, in which there is a small thumb, is confined to South-Eastern Asia from the Hima laya southwards, the Indian Archipelago being its head quarters. One species, S. entellus (the hounaman), is an object of religious veneration to the Hindoos. Another very remarkable kind is found in Borneo. It is S. nasalis (the kahau, or proboscis monkey), and, as its name im- FJO. 5. The Proboscis Monkey of Thibet (Semnopithecus roxellance). From Milne-Edwards s Ruhtrchet (lit Mammifirts, pi. 36. plies, it has an exceedingly long noso. In the young state, the nose is much smaller relatively, and is bent upwards. No similar structure was known to exist in any other ape whatever till quite recently. Now, however, the Rev. Father David (a Lazarist missionary, who has made many other important discoveries in zoology), has found high up in the cold forests at Moupin in Thibet, a large well- clothed species, with a small but distinct nose excessively turned up, on which account the name S. roxellance has been bestowed upon it. It is remarkable that a form, reminding us of the young condition of S. nasalis, should have been discovered in a region so remote from the island of Borneo as is Thibet. It is also very remarkable that a monkey of a genus the home of which is the warm Archipelago of India, should be found in forests where frost and snow last several months in the year, when their only food is tree buds, and tender shoots and twigs. The species of the genus to be mentioned, besides Entellus, Nasalis, and Roxellance, are, Nemceus, Leucoprymnus, Latibar- batus, Obscurus, Nestor, Cucullatus, Johnii, Priamus, Cris- tatus, Maurus, Femoralis, Auratiis, Frontatus, Siamensis, Mitratus, Flavimanus, fiubicundus, Albipes, Niyripes, and Schistaceus. The genus Colobus is exclusively African, but the species composing it only differ from the Semnopithed, in that the thumb is generally absent or reduced to a small tubercle, which may or may not support a naiL The species are Gfuereza, Verus, Temminckii, Vellerosus, Fuliginosus, Satanas, Angolensis, Ursinus, Ferrugineus, Kirkii, and Palliatus. We now come to the concluding genera of the apes of the Old World, together forming the third sub-family Cyno- pithecince. This is a very natural group, but one exceed ingly difficult to subdivide in a satisfactory manner, because the different characters gradually alter as we pass from round-headed, long -tailed, and comparatively slender monkeys to dog-faced, short-tailed, and massive baboons. All the Cynopithecince agree in having pretty well-developed thumbs and a single stomach, as also in having the sides of the face distensible, serving as pockets wherein food may be temporarily stored, and technically called " cheek pouches." The hair is often annulated. The ischiatic callosities are larger than in the forms hitherto noticed, and in some kinds these parts become greatly svollen at the period of sexual excitement, the enlargement extending sometimes (as in Macacus cyclopis) even to the tail. The male external generative organs tend to assume a bright and varied coloration, which is often accompanied with vivid hues on and about the face. By common consent, the Cynopithecince are divided into at least three genera, and by some naturalists (e.g. M. Isidore Geoffroy St Hilaire) they have been divided into as many as seven. The first genus, Cercopithecus, includes those species of the sub-family, which by their length of tail and compara tive slenderness, most nearly approach the members of the preceding sub-family. Many of the species (e.g. the Diana and white-nosed monkeys) are very attractive anima is. Commonly the Cercopitheci have four tubercles to the last loAver molar. The talapoin monkey (0. talapoin) has been made the type of a separate genus (Miopithecus), be cause it has but three such tubercles, while the mangabeys and white-eyelid monkeys (C. cethiops, collar is, and fuliyi- nosus) have been separated off into a genus Cercocebus, because in them the last lower molar has five tuber cles. All the Cercopitheci (including Miopithecus and Cercocebus) are African forms. Besides those already mentioned, the following species have been described by authors : Nictitans, Petaurista, Cephus, Mona, Monoides, Diana, Labiatus, Leucampyx, Pijgerythms, Lalandii, Sa- bceus, Cynosurus, Jtitbe); Pyrrhonotus, Callitrichus, Rufo- vindis, Albigena, Erythrog aster, Werneri, Melanogenys, Ludio, Erythrarclius, Ochraceus, Flavidus, Lunulatus, and Erxlebenii. The next genus, Macacus, is Asiatic, with the exception of the Barbary ape, or magot (M. inmis), which is found
in Northern Africa and on the Rock of Gibraltar. Already,