168 APE [BIBLIOGRAPHY. and phalangers ; the canines and premolars of Canis and Thylacinus ; the grinders of Peromeles and Urotrichus; the external form and habit of body of Mus, Sorex, and Antechinus; and the peculiar dorsal shields in tortoises and certain frogs. But if some naturalists are disposed to admit that the common origin of the Cebidce and Simiadce may be very doubtful, can they be even sure of that of Cercopithecus and Hylobates? It has been recently sug gested, that the Artiodactyla and the Perissodactyla (the even and the odd-toed ungulates) may be genetically independent (their common characters being merely ad aptive, functional ones), as also with the Balcenoidea (whales), and DelpMnoidea (dolphins). The response of organisation to need being such as it is (structure and function manifesting themselves so simultaneously), the discrimination between genetic and adaptive characters must always be a work of extreme delicacy. In the presence of the various genealogical trees of animal descent which have been so hastily put forward of late, a judicious scepticism seems the attitude best warranted by the evidence yet obtained. If so many similar forms have arisen in mutual independence, then the affinities of the animal kingdom, or even of the mammalian class, can never be represented by the symbol of a tree. Rather, we should conceive the existence of a grove of trees, closely approximated, greatly differing in age and size, with their branches interlaced in a most complex entanglement. The great group of apes is composed of two such branches; but their relations one to another, to the other branches which represent mammalian groups, and to the trunks from which such branches diverge, are problems still await ing solution. There can, however, be no doubt that the Simiadce and Cebidce together form a most natural group, and are closely allied with man in structure. 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