462 ARCHITECTURE [GLOSSARY. or roluted capital, by a line let down from the point ia which the volute generates. CAULICULUS (Lat. a stalk or stem), the inner scroll of the Corinthian capital. It is not uncommon, however, to apply this term to the larger scrolls or volutes also. CAVETTO (Ital. cat-are, to dig out), a moulding whose form is a simple concave, impending. CEILING (Ital. sofflio, soppalcho, Fr. plafond, lambris, Ger. Stulcn- dccke i, that covering of a room which hides the joists of the floor above, or the rafters of the roof. Most churches have either open roofs, or are groined in stone. At Peterborough and St Albans there are very old flat ceilings of boards curiously painted. In later times the boarded ceilings, and, in fact, some of those of plaster, have moulded ribs, locked with bosses at the intersection, and are sometimes elaborately carved. In the cloisters at Lincoln, the nave and choir at York, the side aisles of the choir at Win chester, the church at Warmington, and several other places, there are ceilings formed of oak ribs, filled in at the spandrils with narrow thin pieces of board, in exact imitation of stone groining. In the Elizabethan and subsequent periods, the ceil ings anTenriched with most elaborate ornaments in stucco. (See GROINED VAULTING.) CELLS, small monastic houses, generally in the country, belonging to large conventual buildings, and intended for change of air for the monks, as well as places to reside in to look after the lands, vassals, &c. Thus Tynemouth was a cell to St Albans; Ashwell, Herts, to Westminster Abbey. (See GRANGE.) Also the small sleeping apartments of the monks; also a small apartment used by the anchorite or hermit. CHAMFER, CHAMPFER, or CHAUMFKR. When the edge or arris of any work is cut off at an angle of 45 in a small degree, it is said to be chamfered; if to a large scale, it is said to be a canted corner. (See CANT.) The chamfer is much used in mediaeval work, and is sometimes plain, sometimes hollowed out, and sometimes moulded. CHAMFER STOP. Chamfers sometimes simply run into the arris by a plane face; more commonly they are first stopped by some ornament, as by a bead; they are sometimes terminated by trefoils, or cinquefoils, double or single, and in general form very pleasing features in mediseval architecture. CHANCEL, a place separated from the rest of a church by a screen (canccllus). The word is now generally used to signify the choir of a small church. CHANTRY (Lat. cantuaria, Fr. chantrcrie, Ger. Kantorei), a small chapel generally built out from a church. They generally contain a founder s tomb, and are often endowed places where masses might be said for his soul. The officiator, or mass priest, being often unconnected with the parochial clergy, the chantry has generally an entrance from the outside. CHAPEL (Lat. and Ital. capdla, Fr. chapclle, Ger. Kapelle), a small, detached building used as a substitute for a church in a large parish; an apartment in any large building, a palace, a nobleman s house, an hospital or prison, used for public worship; or an attached building running out of and forming part of a large church, generally dedicated to different saints, each having its own altar, piscina, &c., and screened off from the body of the building. CHAPITER, the old English name for a CAPITAL. CHAPTER HOUSE (Lat. capitolium, Ital. capitolo, Fr. cJiapilre, Ger. Kapitdhaus), the chamber in which the chapter or heads of the monastic bodies assembled to transact business. They are of various forms; some are oblong apartments, as Canterbury, Exeter, Chester, Gloucester, &c.; some octagonal, as Salisbury, Westminster, Wells, Lincoln, York, &c. That at Lincoln has ten sides, and that at Worcester is circular; most are groined over, and some, as Salisbury, Wells, Lincoln, Worcester, &c., depend on a single slight vaulting shaft for the support of the massive vaulting. This picturesque plan is almost exclusively English. CHARNEL HOUSE (Med. Lat. carnarium, Fr. ossuaire), a place for depositing the bones which might be thrown up in digging graves. Sometimes, as at Gloucester, Hythe, and Ripon, it was a portion of the crypt; sometimes, as at Old St Paul s and Worcester (both now destroyed), it was a separate building in the church yard; sometimes chantry chapels were attached to these build ings. M. Viollet-le-Duc has given two very curious examples of ossuaires, one from Fleurance, the other from Faouet. CHOIR (Lat. chorus, Ital. coro, Fr. chceur, Ger. Chor, Old English, quire, quere), that part of a church or monastery where the breviary services or " horte " are chanted. (See separate article.) CIBORIUM (Fr. baldaquin, Ital. baldacchino), a tabernacle or vaulted canopy supported on shafts standing over the high altar. Gervase of Canterbury calls every bay of the quire there a ciborium, probably because the groining rose and formed a sort of canopy over each bay. CIN^UEFOIL, a sinking or perforation like a flower of five points or leaves, as a quatrefoil is of four. The points are sometimes in a circle, as in the lower windows at Lincoln, and sometimes form the cusping of a head. CLEITHRAL (Gr. KtetSpw, an enclosed or shut-up place), is applied to a covered Greek temple, in contradistinction to Hypccthral, which designates one that is uncovered; the roof of a cleithral temple completely covers or encloses it. CLERESTORY, CLEARSTORY (Ital. chiaro piano, Fr. daircvoic, daire etage, Ger. Lichtgadcn). When the middle of the nave of a church rises above the aisles and is pierced with windows, the upper story is thus called. Sometimes these windows are very small, being mere quatrefoils, or spherical triangles. In large buildings, how ever, they are important objects, both for beauty and utility. The window of the clerestories of Norman work, even in largo churches, are of less importance than in the later styles. In Early English they became larger; and in the Decorated they are more important still, being lengthened as the triforium diminishes. In Perpendicular work the latter often disappears altogether, and in many later churches, as at Taunton, and many churches in Norfolk and Suffolk, the clerestories are close ranges of win dows. CLOISTER (Lat. daustrum, Ital. chiostro, Fr. doitre, Ger. Kloster an enclosed square, like the atrium of a Roman house, with a walk or ambulatory round, sheltered by a roof generally groined, and by tracery windows, which were more or less glazed. (See separate article.) CLOSE, the precinct of a cathedral or abbey. Sometimes the walla are traceable, but now generally the boundary is only known by tradition. COFFER, a deep panel in a ceiling. COLUMN (Lat. columna), a tapering cylindrical mass, placed vertically on a level stylobate, in some cases with a spreading congeries of mouldings called a base, and having always at its upper and smaller end a dilating mass called a capital. Columns are either insulated or attached. They are said to be attached or engaged when they form part of a wall, projecting one half or more, but not the whole, of their substance. For the columns of different styles and orders of architecture, see the general article, supra. CONSOL or CONSOLE, a bracket or truss, generally with scrolls or volutes at the two ends, of unequal size and contrasted, but con nected by a flowing line from the back of the upper one to the inner convolving face of the lower. COPING (Ital. coperto, corona, Fr. chaperon), the capping (whence the name is probably derived) or covering of a wall. This is of stone, weathered to throw off the wet. In Norman times, as far as can be judged from the little there is left, it was generally plain and flat, and projected over the wall with a throatiug to form a drip. Afterwards it assumed a torus or bowtell at the top, and became deeper, and in the Decorated period there were generally several sets-off. The copings in the late Perpendicular perio.l assumed something of the wavy section of the buttress caps, and mitred round the sides of the embrasure, as well as the top and bottom. CORBEL (from the low Latin corbcyus, a basket, Ital. mensola, Fr. corbcau, cul-dc-lampe, Ger. Kragstcm), the name in mediaeval architecture for a piece of stone jutting out of a wall to carry any superincumbent weight. A piece of timber projecting in the same way was called a tassel or a bragger. Thus the carved ornaments from which the vaulting shafts spring at Lincoln are corbels. Norman corbels are generally plain. In the Early English period they are sometimes elaborately carved, as at Lincoln above cited, and sometimes more simply so, as at Stone. They sometimes end with a point apparently growing into the wall, or forming a knot, as at Winchester, and often are supported by angels and other figures. In the later periods the foliage or ornaments resemble those in the capitals. (See CAPITAL.) CORBEL TABLE, a projecting cornice or parapet, supported by a range of corbels a short distance apart, which carry a moulding, above which is a plain piece of projecting wall forming a parapet, and covered by a coping. Sometimes small arches are thrown across from corbel to corbel, to carry the projection. CORBIE STEPS, a Scottish term for the steps formed up the sides of the gable by breaking the coping into short horizontal pieces. CORNICE (Fr. corniche, Ger. Kranz), the projection at the top of a wall finished by a blocking-course, common in classic architecture. In Norman times, the wall finished with a corbel table, which carried a portion of plain projecting work, which was finished by a coping, and the whole formed a Parapet. In Early English times the parapet was much the same, but the work was executed in a much better way, especially the small arches connecting the corbels. In the Decorated period the corbel table was nearly abandoned, and a large hollow, with one or two subordinate mouldings, substituted; this was sometimes filled with the ball flowers, and sometimes with running foliages. In the Perpen dicular style, the parapet frequently did not project beyond the wall-line below; the moulding then became a string (though often improperly called a cornice), and was ornamented by a quatrefoil or small rosettes set at equal intervals immediately under tho battlements. In many French examples the moulded string :a
very bold, and enriched with foliage ornaments.