plain, intelligible, and reasonable, being neither contrary to reason nor incomprehensible to it. The work undoubtedly aimed a blow at some of the dogmas of later Christian times, but it claimed to be " a vindication of God's revealed will against the most unjust imputations" which occasioned "so many deists and atheists." Toland's line of argument is to show that the supposition of the doctrines of the gospel being repugnant to clear and distinct ideas and common notions leads into absurdities and inevitable scep ticism; that the proof of the Divinity of Scripture is its self-evidencing power; that, though men are dependent on Divine revelation for the knowledge of the most important truths, the truths must themselves be plain and intelligible when revealed; that all the doctrines, precepts, and miracles of the New Testament are perfectly intelligible and plain; that, though reason is dis ordered in the case of many men, the disorder is not in the faculty itself but in the use made of it; that in the New Testament "mystery" never means anything inconceivable in itself, but things naturally intelligible enough, which are either so veiled by figurative words or rites, or so lodged in God's sole knowledge and decree, that they could uot be discerned without special revela tion; that no miracle of the gospel is contrary to reason, for they were all produced according to the laws of nature, though above its ordinary operations, which were therefore supernaturally assisted; that mysteries were first introduced into Christianity by the early admission into the church of Levitical ceremonies and heathen rites and mysteries, and especially by mixing up heathen philosophy with the simple religion of Christ. The work was intended to be the first of three discourses, in the second of which he was to attempt a particular and rational explanation of the reputed mysteries of the gospel, and in the third a demonstration of the verity of Divine revelation against atheists and all enemies of re vealed religion. But, like so many other of his numerous projects, this failed of execution. After his Christianity not Mysterious and his Amyntor, Toland's Nazarenus was of chief importance, as calling attention to the right of the Ebionites to a place in the early church, though it altogether failed to establish his main argument or to put the question in the true light. His PantTieisticon, sive Formula celebrandse Sodalitatis Socralicss, of which he printed a few copies for private circulation only, gave great offence as a sort of liturgic service made up of passages from heathen authors, in imitation of the Church of England liturgy. The title also was in those days alarming, and still more so the mystery which the author threw round the question how far such societies of pantheists actually existed. Poor Toland had been outlawed by the churches of his day, and took a most imprudent delight in alarming and mystifying his persecutors. This and all his later works must be read from the point of view first suggested by Herder: " Who can refuse to see in Toland the man of wide reading and of clear intellect, and the earnest inquirer, although, as em bittered by persecutions, with every fresh book he dipped his pen in a more biting acid?"
See Mosheim's Vindicix Antiqwe Chris lianorum Discipline, 1st ed., 1720, 2d ed., 1722 (the life of Toland prefixed to the 2d edition of this essay gives still the best and most learned account we have of his life and writings); " Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr John Toland," by Des Maizeaux, prefixed to The Miscellaneous Works of Mr John Toland, in 2 vols., London, 1747; Leland's View of the Principal Deistical Writers; Herder's Adr as lea; Lechler's Geschichte des englischen Deismus; Isaac Disraeli's Calamities of Authors; Theological Rerieic, November 1864; Hunt's article in Contemporary Review, vol. viii., and his Reli gious Thought in England; Leslie Stephen's History of English Thought in Eigh teenth Century; Cairns's Cunningham Lectures for 1880. On Toland's relation to the subsequent TUbingen school, as presented in his Nazarenus, see Theological Review, Oct., 1877; and on his relation to materialism, F. A. Lange's Geschichte des Materialismus. (J. F. S.)
TOLEDO, a province of Spain, in New Castile, is bounded on the N. by Avila and Madrid, on the E. by Cuenca, on the S. by Ciudad Real, and on the W. by Caceres, and has an area of 5620 square miles. The surface is throughout lofty, and in a great part of its extent mountainous. Towards the centre, indeed, there are extensive plains or tablelands, but the whole of the south and east is occupied by the Montes de Toledo, which separate the waters of the Tagus on the north from those of the Guadiana on the south. These mountains are of no great height; and they -were once densely covered with forests, which have now been almost entirely cut down, although there are still woods and groves of considerable extent on their lower slopes. Branches of this chain enclose the province on the east and west, and part of the range that stretches north of the Tagus approaches its north-western frontier. Toledo is well watered by the Tagus and its affluents, the Tajuna, Jarama, Guadarrama, Alberche, and Tietar on the north, and the Algodor, Torcon, Pusa, Sangrera, and Cedron on the south. The Guadiana forms for a short distance the south-western frontier, and its tributary the Giguela waters the eastern part of the province. The country is rich in minerals, as yet almost entirely unworked, containing veins of gold, silver, lead, iron, quicksilver, copper, and tin. Coal, alum, cinnabar, <tc., are also found. The soil produces corn, pulse, potatoes, oil, wine, flax, oranges, lemons, chestnuts, and melons in fair abundance, but the trade in agricultural products is almost confined to the province itself. The number of sheep and goats is few, of horses and mules still less; while the only oxen are those used in agriculture. Bees and silkworms are kept in considerable number. Manufactures once flourished, but are now in a very low state, silk and woollen cloth, earthenware, soap, oil, chocolates, wine, rough spirit (aguardiente), guitar strings, and arms being almost the only - articles made. The province is traversed by three lines of railway,—that of Madrid Seville-Cadiz in the east, Madrid-ToledoCiudad Real through the centre, and Madrid-Caceres-Lisbon in the north. There are 12 partidos judicial es and 206 ayuntamientos; and three senators with eight deputies are returned to the cortes. The total population in 1885 was 332,000; the only towns with a population exceeding 10,000 are Toledo (20,251) and Talavera de la Reina (11,986). Some of the most brilliant fighting of the Peninsular War took place in Toledo and the neigh bouring province of Caceres, the battle of Talavera de la Reina being fought on the 27th and 28th of July 1809.
