secular buildings are the town-hall with square tower (1852), the post-office (1865), the museum of the natural history society (1874), the theatre and opera-house (1880), the county police court, the market, and the schools of art and science (extended in 1887). There are a number of benevolent institutions, including the Torbay infirmary and dispensary (1843), the homeopathic dispensary (1848), the Western hospital for consumption (1852), Crypt House institution for invalid ladies (1854), and the Mildmay home for incurable consumptives (1886). In 1886 the local board purchased from the lord of the manor, at a cost of 85,000, the harbours, piers, baths, assembly rooms, &c., including 60 acres of pleasure grounds and open spaces. The town is supplied with water from the Dart moor hills, 16 miles distant, at a cost of 120,000. There is a convenient harbour, extended in 1870 at a cost of £70,000, and having a depth of over 20 feet at low water. The principal imports are coals, timber, and slates, and the principal exports are stones of the Transition limestone or Devonshire marble, which is much valued for building purposes. In the town are a number of marble-polishing works. Terra-cotta ware of very fine quality is also manufactured from a deposit of clay at Watcombe and at Hele. The population of the urban sanitary district (Tormoham with Torquay, area 1465 acres) in 1871 was 21,657, and in 1881 it was 24,767.
There was a village at Torre even before the foundation of the abbey, and in the neighbourhood of Torre are remains of Roman occupation. The manor was granted by William the Conqueror to Richard de Bruvere or de Brewere, and was subsequently known as Tor Brewer. After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, Don Pedro's galley was brought into Torbay; and William, prince of Orange, landed at Torbay 5th November 1688. The bay was a rendezvous for the British fleet during the war with France, and the first good houses at Torquay were built for the officers. Until half a century ago it was an insignificant fishing village.
See Blewitt's Panorama of Torquay, 1832, and White's History of Torquay, 1878.
TORQUEMADA, Juan de (1388-1468), or rather Johannes de Turrecremata, cardinal, was born at Valladolid in 1388, and at an early age joined the Do minican order, early distinguishing himself for learning and devotion. In 1415 he accompanied the general of his order to the council of Constance, whence he proceeded to Paris for study, and took his doctor's degree in 1423. After teaching for some time in Paris, he became prior of the Dominican house first in Valladolid and then in Toledo. In 1431 Pope Eugenius IV. called him to Rome and made him "magister sancti palatii." At the council of Basel he was one of the ablest and most prominent supporters of the view of the Roman curia, and he was rewarded with a cardinal's hat in 1439. He died in 1468.
His principal works are In Gratiani Decretum Commentarii, 4 vols., Venice, 1578; Expositio Brevis et Utilis super Toto Psalterio, Mainz, 1474; Quæstiones Spirituales super Evangelia Totius Anni, Brixen, 1498; Summa Ecclesiastica, Salamanca, 1550. The last-named work has the following topics:—(1) De Universa Ecclesia; (2) De Ecclesia Romana et Pontificis Primatu; (3) De Universalibus Conciliis; (4) De Schismaticis et Hiereticis.
TORQUEMADA, Tomas de, inquisitor-general for Castile and Leon, was born early in the 15th century, and died in 1498. When called to the work with which his name is so unenviably associated he was prior of the Dominican house in Segovia. See Inquisition.
TORRE ANNUNZIATA, a town of Italy, in the province of Naples, 1212 miles south-east from that city, on the Bay of Naples, at the southern base of Vesuvius. The inhabitants are mainly occupied in fishing and in a brisk coasting trade; there are also manufactures of arms, paper, and macaroni. The population in 1881 was 20,060.
TORRE DEL GRECO, a town of Italy, in the province of Naples, 712 miles to the south-east of that city, lies at the south-west foot of Vesuvius, on the shore of the Bay of Naples. It is built chiefly of lava, and stands on the lava stream of 1631, which destroyed two-thirds of the older town. Great damage was done by the eruptions of 1737 and 1794, when immense streams of lava flowed through the town into the sea; the earthquake of 1857 and the eruption of December 8, 1861, were even more destructive. After each disaster the people have returned and repaired the ruin, the advantage de rived from the rich land on the flanks of the volcano and the proximity to the sea and to Naples being more than enough to overcome apprehensions of danger. In the outskirts are many beautiful villas and gardens. The inhabitants are largely employed in fishing (tunny, oyster, sardine, and especially coral), and the neighbourhood is famed for its fruit and wine. The population in 1881 was 21,586.
TORREY, John (1796-1873), a distinguished American botanist, was a member of an old New England family which contributed several officers to the War of Independence. He was born at New York, and spent his school days there, save for the concluding year at Boston. When he was 15 or 16 years of age his father received a prison appointment at Greenwich, and there he made the acquaintance of Amos Eaton, one of the foremost pioneers of natural history studies and popular science teaching in America. He thus learned the elements of botany, as well as something of mineralogy and chemistry, so deter mining the studies of his life. In 1815, he commenced the study of medicine, meanwhile finding time to prepare his first catalogue of plants, and to establish a correspondence with American and foreign botanists, and in 1818 he commenced practice. Stimulated by Elliott's account of the flora of South Carolina and Georgia, Torrey commenced a systematic account of the botany of the Northern States, of which the first and only volume appeared in 1824. In the same year he obtained the chair of chemistry and geology at West Point military academy, whence he was translated three years later to the chemical professorship in the college of physicians, New York. He next described the collections of the first exploration of the Colorado Territory, so laying the foundation of all subsequent work upon the flora of the Rocky Mountains. In these years he also monographed the sedges, and did good service in substituting the natural for the Linnæan system. In 1836 he was appointed botanist to the State of New York, producing his Flora of the State in 1843; while from 1838-43 he carried on the publication of the earlier portions of Flora of North America, with the assistance of his pupil Asa Gray. Becoming more and more immersed in chemical labours, which from 1857 passed partly and soon completely into those of U.S. assayer, he notwithstanding continued to accumulate and work up masses of material for this vast undertaking, which still awaits completion at the hands of his colleague and successor, Prof. Gray. He evinced a continued interest in botanical teaching, and made over his valuable herbarium and library to Columbia College two or three years before his death. He will be remembered not only as the father of American systematic botany, and an accurate and faithful, if some what excessively cautious, investigator, but also as an eminent teacher, and for an excellence of personal character and simplicity of beliefs much resembling Faraday's. His memory is literally kept green by the beautiful Coniferous genus Torreya, and his labours commemorated and continued in the valuable memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club.
See Gray, in Silliman's Journal, 1873.
