U R B U R B 9 cardinals met at Fondi, and, repudiating their previous action, proceeded to elect Robert of Geneva (20th Septem ber), who assumed the title of Clement VII. Thus began the great schism which divided Christendom for nearly forty years (see POPEDOM, vol. xix. p. 502). The measures of Urban were not without vigour, but at the same time were characterized by such a want of prudence and self- control as has given rise to the not improbable assertion that he actually was, at times at least, a lunatic. Clement VII. was, of course, excommunicated, and designated the Antichrist; twenty- six new cardinals were created in a single day, and, by an arbitrary alienation of the estates and property of the church, funds were raised for open war. The castle of St Angelo was besieged and taken, and the antipope put to flight, while Charles of Durazzo was in vested in the sovereignty of Naples, forfeited by Queen Joanna. In 1384, however, Charles began to resist the papal pretensions, and Urban was shut up in Nocera, from the walls of which he daily fulminated his anathemas against his besiegers ; he afterwards succeeded in making his escape to Genoa, and, on the death of Charles, set himself at the head of his troops, apparently with the in tention of seizing Naples for his nephew if not for himself. To raise funds he proclaimed a jubilee, though only thirty- three years had elapsed since that celebrated under Clement VI., but before the celebration he died at Rome of injuries caused by a fall from his mule, on 15th October 1389. His successor was Boniface IX. URBAN VII. (Giovanni Battista Castagna), pope for twelve days in September 1590, was of Genoese origin, and was born in Rome in 1521. He was chosen successor of Sixtus V. on 15th September 1590, but died (27th September) before consecration. He was succeeded by Gregory XIV. URBAN VIII. (Maffeo Barberini), pope from 1623 to 1644, belonged to a Florentine family which had been greatly enriched by commerce, and was born in 1568. Through the influence of an uncle, who had become apo stolic protonotary, he, while still a young man, received various promotions from Sixtus V. and Gregory XIV. By Clement VIII. he was himself made protonotary and nuncio to the French court ; Paul V. also employed him in a similar capacity, afterwards raising him to the car- dinalate, and giving him the legation of Bologna. On 6th August 1623 he was chosen successor to Gregory XV. The period of his pontificate, covering as it did twenty- one years of the Thirty Years War, Avas an eventful one, and the ultimate result of that great struggle was largely determined by Urban s policy, which was aimed less at the restoration of Catholicism in Europe than at such an ad justment of the balance of parties as might best favour his own independence and strength as a temporal power in Italy (see POPEDOM, vol. xix. p. 506). In 1626 the duchy of Urbino was incorporated into the papal dominions, and in 1627, when the direct male line of the Gonzagas in Mantua became extinct, he favoured the succession of the duke of Nevers against the claims of the Hapsburgs, whose preponderance he dreaded. He was the last pope to extend the papal territory, and Castelfranco on the Man- tuan frontier was fortified by him. In Rome he greatly strengthened the castle of St Angelo, removing, for the purpose of making cannons, the massive tubular girders of bronze from the portico of the Pantheon ("quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barberini"), establishing also an arsenal in the Vatican, as well as a manufactory of arms at Tivoli, and fortifying the harbour of Civita Vecchia. It was during the pontificate of Urban that Galileo was summoned to Rome to make his great recanta tion in 1633; on the other hand, the Poussins and Claude Lorraine were patronized by him, and it was he who brought Athanasius Kircher to Rome, and who employed Bernini to build the Palazzo Barberini, the college of the Propaganda, the Fontana del Tritone, and other prominent structures in the city. He was the last to practise nepo tism on a grand scale : various members of his house were enormously enriched by him, so that it seemed to contem poraries as if he aimed at establishing a Barberini dynasty. He canonized many saints, among whom the most con spicuous are Ignatius Loyola, Francis Xavier, Al. Gonzaga, and Filippo Neri. Urban VIII. was a clever writer of Latin verse, and a collection of Scriptural paraphrases as well as original hymns of his composition has been fre quently reprinted. His death (29th July 1644) is said to have been hastened by chagrin at the result of a war he had undertaken against the duke of Parma. He was suc ceeded by Innocent X. URBANA, a city of the United States, the county seat of Champaign county, Ohio. It lies 95 miles nearly due north of Cincinnati, in the midst of a rich agricultural region. It has railroad communication by means of three lines, the New York, Lake Erie, and Western, the Pitts burgh, Cincinnati, and St Louis, and the Indiana, Bloom- ington, and Western. It has some manufactures, particu larly of agricultural tools, machines, and railway rolling stock, and is the site of a Swedenborgian or New Church college. The population in 1880 was 6252, an increase of 46 per cent, since 1870. Urbana was laid out in 1805, when the county was organized. URBINO, a mediaeval walled city of Italy, on the site of the Roman Urbinum Hortense, in the Marches of Ancona, stands in a commanding position on a spur of the Tuscan Apennines, near the valley of the Metaurus, about 20 miles from the Adriatic. It grew up, chiefly in the 14th century, around the stronghold of the Montefeltro family. Federigo da Montefeltro, lord of Urbino from 1444 to 1482, was one of the most successful condottieri chiefs of his time, and not only a man of great military and political ability, but also an enthusiastic patron of art and literature, on which he lavished immense sums of money. Federigo much strengthened his position, first by his own marriage with Battista, one of the powerful Sforza family, and secondly by marrying his daughter to Giovanni dellaRovere, the favourite nephew of Pope Sixtus IV., who in return conferred upon Federigo the title of duke. Federigo s only son Guidubaldo, who succeeded his father, married in 1489 a very gifted lady, Elizabeth Gonzaga, of the ruling family in Mantua. In 1497 he was expelled from Urbino by Caesar Borgia, son of Alexander VI., but regained his dukedom in 1503, after Caesar s death. Guidubaldo was the last duke of the Montefeltro line ; at his death in 1508 he bequeathed his coronet to Francesco Maria della Rovere, nephew of Julius II., and for about a century Urbino was ruled by its second dynasty of the Della Rovere family. In 1626 the last descendant of Francesco, called Francesco Maria II., when old and childless abdicated in favour of Pope Urban VIII., after which time Urbino, with its subject towns of Pesaro, Fano, Fossombrone, Gubbio, Castel Durante, Cagli,and about 300 small villages, became part of the Papal States until the suppression of the temporal power in 1870. During the reigns of Federigo and Guidubaldo, Urbino was one of the foremost centres of activity in art and litera ture in Italy, and was known as the Italian Athens. In 1468 Federigo gave orders to a Dalmatian architect, Luciano da Laurana, to build him a magnificent fortified palace ; it was finished and enlarged by the Florentine Baccio Pintelli during Guidubaldo s reign. Rich friezes, sculptured architraves of doors and windows, and other decorations in marble, painting, and wood-work were exe cuted by the sculptor Ambrogino di Milano, and by Fran-
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