y o R V R 297 that thou art a Ghibclline, and with thy fellow Ghibellincs wilt return to naught." Jacobus do Voragine has left us a list of his own works. Speak ing of himself in his Chronicon Januense, he says, " While he was in his order, and after he had been made archbishop, he wrote many works. For he compiled the legends of the saints (Legendas Sanctorum] in one volume, adding many things from the Historia Tripartita ct Scholastica, and from the chronicles of many writers." The other writings he claims are two volumes of " Sermons con cerning all the Saints " J whose yearly feasts the church celebrates. Of these volumes, he adds, one is very diffuse, but the other short and concise. Then follow Scrmoncs de Omnibus Evangeliis Domi- nicalibus for every Sunday in the year ; Scrmoncs de Omnibus Evangeliis, i.e., a book of discourses on all the Gospels, from Ash Wednesday to the Tuesday after Easter ; and a treatise called "Marialis, qui totus est de B. Maria compositus," consisting of about 160 discourses on the attributes, titles, &c., of the Virgin Mary. In the same work the archbishop claims to have written his Chronicon Januense in the second year of his pontificate (1293), but it extends to 1296 or 1297. To this list Ecnard adds several other works, such as a defence of the Dominicans, printed at Venice in 1504, and a Summa Virtutum ct Vitiorum Guillclmi Feraldi, a Dominican who died about 1250. James is also said to have translated the Old and New Testaments into his own tongue. "But," adds Echard, "if he did so, the version lies so closely hid that there is no recollection of it. " His two chief works are the Chronicon Januense and the Golden Lcrjcnd or Lombardica Hystoria. The former is partly printed in Muratori (Scriptorcs Rer. Ital., ix. 6). It is divided into twelve parts. The first four deal with the mythical history of Genoa from the time of its founder, Janus the first king of Italy, and its enlarger, a second Janus, "citizen of Troy," till its conversion to Christianity "about twenty-live years after the passion of Christ." Part v. professes to treat of the beginning, the growth, and the perfection of the city; but of the first period the writer candidly confesses he knows nothing except by hearsay. The second period includes the Genoese crusading exploits in the East, and extends to their victory over the Pisans (c. 1130), while the third reaches down to the days of the author s archbishopric. The sixth part deals with the constitution of the city, the seventh and eighth with the duties of rulers and citizens, the ninth with those of domestic life. The tenth gives the ecclesiastical history of Genoa from the time of its first known bishop, St Valentine, "whom we believe to have lived about 530 A.D.," till 1133, when the city was raised to archiepiscopal rank. The eleventh contains the lives of all the bishops in order, and includes the chief events during their pontificates ; while the twelfth deals in the same way with the archbishops, not forgetting the writer himself." The Golden Legend, one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages, is a collection of the legendary lives of the greater saints of the mediaeval church. The preface divides the ecclesias tical year into four periods corresponding to the various epochs of the world s history, a time of deviation, of renovation, of recon ciliation, and of pilgrimage. The book itself, however, falls into five sections: (a) from Advent to Christmas (cc. 1-5); (b) from- Christmas to Septungesima (6-30); (c) from Septuagesima to Easter (31-53); (d) from Easter Day to the octave of Pentecost (54-76); (e) from the octave of Pentecost to Advent (77-180). The saints lives are full of puerile legend, and in not a few cases contain accounts of 13th-century miracles wrought at special places, par ticularly with reference to the Dominicans. The author is very particular in giving the derivation of proper names, and indred generally supplies a copious choice of alternatives. He is nearly always careful to assign a yearly date to the saints he treats of, but seldom, if ever, mentions their feast days. As he reaches the great seasons of the year he inserts treatises dealing with their signi ficance and interpretation. These we have for Advent, Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, Whitsunday, &c. The last chapter but one (181) " De Sancto Pelagio Papa," contains a kind of history of the world from the middle of the 6th century; while the last (182) is a somewhat allegorical disquisition, " De Dedicatione Ecclesi;e." Tlic Gcililen Legend was translated into French by Jean Belet dc Vigny in the 14th century. It was also one of the earliest books to issue from the press. A Latin edition is assigned to about 1469; and a dated one was published at Lyons in 1473. Many other Latin editions were printed before the end of the century. A French translation by Master John Hataillier is dated 1470; Jean de Vipny s appeared at Paris, 1488; an Italian one by Nic. Manerbi (? Venice, 1475); a Bohemian one at 1 ilsen, 1475-9, and at Prague. 1495; Caxton s English versions, 1483, 1487, and 1493; and a German one in 1489. Several 15th-century editions of the Sermons are also known, and the Marialt was printed at Venice in l-!97 and at Pai i.s in 1503. VORARLBERG, the most western division of the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy, is bounded on the N. 1 Printed without name or place, 1484. 2 The adjective "golden" has been transferred from this to other works of the author. by Bavaria, on the W. by the Lake of Constance, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland, on the S. by Switzer land, and on the E. by Tyrol. Though united for administrative purposes with Tyrol, it enjoys a con stitution of its own. and ranks as a separate member of the empire. It is emphatically an Alpine region, being traversed by various spurs of the Rhoetian Alps (Arlberg, Bregenzer Wald, &c.), attaining a height of 6000 to 9000 feet, and even possessing a few small glaciers. The name is derived from the Arlberg Pass (i.e., Adlerberg, or Eagle s Mountain, 5895 ft.), separating it from Tyrol and forming the means of communication between Innsbruck and the Lake of Constance. The pass is now traversed by a railway, the tunnel under the Arlberg itself (opened Oct. 1884), being 6-^- miles in length. Vorarlberg is watered by numerous small streams, most of them flowing into the Rhine, which is in contact with the west side of the crown- land for a distance of about 20 miles. About one-third of the surface (almost exactly 1000 square miles in extent) is occupied by pasture, upwards of one-sixth by forests, one-seventh by meadows, and only one-twentieth by arable land. In correspondence with these figures, we find that the chief employments of the inhabitants are cattle-rearing, dairy-farming, and forestry. In 1881 the district contained 61,115 cattle, and cheese is produced in large quantities. Grain is cultivated in the valley- bottoms, but not more than enough is raised to cover the home consumption ; potatoes, fruit, and wine are also produced. The manufacturing industry is also by no means unimportant, occupy ing nearly 30 per cent, of the population. The chief branch is the spinning and weaving of cotton, which is carried on with special vigour in the neighbourhood of the towns and larger villages. A characteristic industry is the construction of wooden chalets, which are exported to Switzerland by water. Many of the men spend the summer in Switzerland as masons and labourers, returning to their homes in winter. In 1881 the population numbered 107,373, nearly all of Teutonic stock and the Roman Catholic faith. The chief towns, none of which are large, are Bregenz (4736 inhabit ants), the capital, and the port of Austria on the Lake of Constance, Bludenz (3150 inhabitants), Feldkirch (3600), and Dornbirn. Vorarlberg belongs to the see of Brixen, the prince- bishop of which is represented by a vicar-general at Feldkirch. The provincial diet consists of twenty-one members, including the vicar-general. The crownland sends two representatives to the imperial parliament. Vorarlberg is formed out of the old duchies and countships of Bregenz, Feldkirch, Bludenz, Sonnenberg, and Hohcnems, all of which had come into the possession of the house of Austria by the 14th century, chiefly by purchase. Prior to 1782 it was counted part of Hither Austria, but since then it has been administratively united with Tyrol. The peace of Pressburg (1805) assigned it to Bavaria, along with northern Tyrol, but it was restored to its old allegiance in 1814. VORONEZH, a government of southern Russia, is bounded by Tamboff on the N., Saratoff and the Don Cossacks on the E., Kharkoff on the S., and Kursk and Orel on the W., and has an area of 25,448 square miles. It occupies the southern slopes of the Middle-Russian plateau, and its average elevation is from 450 to 700 feet above sea-level. The surface is hilly, and broken by ravines in the west (where two ranges of chalk hills separated by a broad valley run north and south), but flat and low to the east of the Don. Devonian sandstones crop out in the north, but farther south these are covered with chalk. Glacial clays with northern erratics spread as far south as Voronezh, and extensive areas are covered with Lacustrine clays and sands. The soil is very fertile, owing to the large prevalence of the black earth ; it becomes, however, sandy towards the east. Voronezh lies on the border between the forest aud meadow-region of Middle Russia and the southern steppes ; the forests rapidly disappear as one advances south, and those which in the time of Peter the Great still covered the upper parts of the tributaries of the Don, and were used for shipbuilding, are now almost entirely destroyed. Less
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