V A L V A L 33 at Vienna. An Italian translation, 1 Cinque Tratatclli Evangclici, was published at Rome, 1545, reprinted 1869. An English trans lation, by J. T. Betts, is in XVII. Opuscules, 1882. (5) Alfabcto Christiana, Venice, 1545, an Italian translation of an unpublished and lost Spanish original. An English version, by B. B. Wiffcn, was published in 1861. (6) Qicnto i Dicz Con^idcrat-iones ; the ori ginal is said to have been published, and all copies suppressed by the Spanish Inquisition ; thirty -nine of the Consider acioncs were published with the Trataditos from a Vienna manuscript. An Italian translation, by Celio Secondo Curione, Le Cento ct Died Divine Considerationi, was published at Basel, 1550, 8vo. A French translation, by Claude do Kerquifiucn, was published at Lyons, 1563, 8vo, and Paris, 1565, 8vo. The English translation by Nicholas Ferrar was published at Oxford, 1638, 4to, at the instance of George Herbert ; it was reprinted at Cambridge, 1646 ; a new translation, by J. T. Betts, was issued in 1865. A translation into Spanish from the Italian, by Luis Usoz i Rio, was published in 1855. (7) Seven Doctrinal Letters, printed with the Trataditos, from a Vienna manu script, and translated by J. T. Betts in the XVII. Opuscules. (8) Comentario Breve . . . sobre la Epistola de San Pablo a los Romanos, Venice, 1556 ; translation and commentary, edited by Juan Perez de Pineda, reprinted 1856 ; English version, by J. T. Betts, 1883. (9) Comentario Breve . . . sobre la Primer a Epistola de San Pablo a los Corintios, Venice, 1557 ; translation and commentary, edited, reprinted, and translated as No. 8. (10) El Evangel io de San Mateo, translation raid commentary, first published in 1881, from a Vienna manuscript ; English version, by J. T. Betts, 1883. (11) El Salterio, translation of the Psalms from Hebrew into Spanish, published with the Trataditos, from a Vienna manuscript. (12) At Vienna is an unpublished commentary in Spanish on Psalms i.-xli. (13) Sand mentions a commentary on St John s Gospel, which is not known to exist. The notices of Valdes in Sand (liiblioth. Antitrinitar., 1684, p. 2), Bayle, and Wallace (A ntitrin. Biotj., 1850, ii. 8) are very inadequate. The revival orinterest in him is due to M Crie, Hist. Ref. in Italy, 1827, and Hist. Ref. in Spain, 1829. But the full knowledge of his life and teachings was first opened up by Benjamin B. Wiffen, whose Life of Valdes was prefixed in 1865 to the new translation of the Considerations. Since then important discoveries have been made in the Aulic Library, Vienna, by Dr Edward Boehmer ; compare his Span. Reformers of Two Centuries, 1874, and Lives of the Twin Brothers, J. and A. de Valdes, pre fixed to Biblioth. Wiffeniana, 1882, also separately, with introd. by J. T. Betts. For an interesting sketch of Valdes, see Benrath s Bernardino Ochino, 1875. Respecting his theological standpoint, compare Bonet-Maury, Early Sources of Eng. Unit. Christianity, trans, by Hall, 1884. (A. GO.) VALDO. See WALDO. VALENCE, a town of France, chef-lieu of the depart ment of Drome and an episcopal see, is situated on the left bank of the Rhone, 65 miles south of Lyons on the railway to Marseilles. The river is here crossed by a fine suspension bridge. The cathedral of St Apollinaris (origin ally of St Stephen) was rebuilt in the llth century in the Auvergnesque variety of the Romanesque style, and consecrated in 1095 by Urban II. It was greatly injured in the Wars of Religion, but restored in 1604. The porch was rebuilt in 1861 ; above it rises a stone tower (187 feet). The church contains the monument of Pius VI. (bust by Canova), who died at Valence in 1799. A curious house (Les Tetes) of the 16th century has a sculptured front with heads of Homer, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Pythagoras, &c. The antique " little seminary " is occupied by a gallery of pictures, a museum of natural history, a library (25,000 volumes), and a collection of antiquities. Valence possesses a botanic garden, a champ de Mars, artillery barracks, and a departmental prison, worked on the solitary system. The chief industries are the spinning and weaving of silk, oil-pressing, distilling, metal-founding, and the manufacture of macaroni. A considerable trade is carried on in the pro duct of this industry and in wine and agricultural produce. The population in 1881 was 21,941 (commune 25,402) and in 1886 22,453 (commune 24,761). Valentia colonia Julia, Valentin Scgalaunorum urbs, or civitas Valenlinorum, was the capital of the Segalauni, and the seat of a celebrated school prior to the Roman conquest, a colony under Augustus, and an important town of Viennensis Prima under Valentinian. It was ravaged by the Alani and other barbarians, and fell successively under the power of the Burgundians, the Franks, the sovereigns of Aries, the emperors of Germany, the dukes of Valentinois, the counts of Toulouse, and its own bishops, [ he inhabitants rose unsuccessfully against these last in 1229, but obtained protection with the help of the dauphin in 1345. In 1450 they had their rights and privileges confirmed by Louis XI. and put on an equal footing with those of the rest of Dauphine. In the 16th century Protestantism spread freely under Bishop Jean de Montluc, and Valence became the capital of the Protestants of the province in 1563. The town was fortified by Francis I. It had become the seat of a celebrated university in 1454 ; but the revocation of the Edict of Nantes struck a fatal blow at its industry, commerce, and population. Valence was the birthplace of General Championnet and of President Bonjean (shot by the Commune of Paris in 1871) ; the family of Montalivet had its origin here. VALENCIA, a province of Spain, one of the three into which the former " kingdom " of Valencia is now divided, has an area of 4352 square miles and a population (1877) of 679,030, being thus, next to Barcelona, the most popu lous province in the kingdom. It is bounded on the N. by Teruel and Castellon de la Plana, on the E. by the Mediterranean, on the S. by Alicante, and on the W. by Albacete and Cuenca. The surface is very much diversi fied ; along the coast it is for the most part low and level, the fertile " vegas " of Valencia, Jdtiva, and Gandia in many places rising very little above sea-level ; to the west of these is a series of tablelands of a mean elevation of about 1000 feet, which in turn rise into the mountains that form the eastern boundary of the tableland of New Castile, and attain within the province a maximum eleva tion of nearly 4000 feet. The principal rivers are the Guadalaviar or Turia and the Jucar. The former enters the province in the extreme north-west, flows south-east, and falls into the sea below the town of Valencia ; it receives numerous tributaries of little importance, and it dispenses fertility by numerous "acequias," mostly of Moorish origin, throughout the whole of the lower part of its course. The Jucar is joined on the left at Cofrentes ("Confluentes") by the Gabriel, a stream nearly as con siderable as itself, and lower down by the Magro ; its chief right-hand tributary is the Albayda. Both the Jucar and the Albayda, like the Turia, supply an extensive irrigation. Almost every kind of geological formation from the Silurian to the Quaternary is represented in Valencia : the vegas are Quaternary ; nearly three -fourths of the entire pro vince belong to the Cretaceous ; large areas, especially to the west, in the district of Requena and Utiel, are of the Tertiary period ; in the north the Jurassic is prominent ; and Triassic is found along many of the river -valleys. The coast is skirted by considerable stretches of sand dune, and by a series of these the lagoon of Albufera (21,000 acres) is separated from the Mediterranean. The vegas enjoy an exceptionally fine, almost sub-tropical climate. In their low-lying portions rice is the favourite crop ; elsewhere wheat, maize, and all kinds of fruit are abundantly grown; the mulberry is cultivated for silk; and wine and oil are produced. Esparto grass is grown in the less fertile areas. The tablelands produce according to their elevation and exposure figs, almonds, olives, and vines. The pastures of the higher grounds sustain numer ous sheep and goats ; but cattle and horses are relatively few in Valencia. The hillsides are somewhat bare of timber. The mineral resources of the province are little developed. The fishing industry on the coast is con siderable. The manufactures include those of silk, glass, pottery, and leather; there are also iron foundries, dis tilleries, and soap manufactories. The coast railway from Tarragona to Encina passes through Valencia, whence another line has been carried along the Cuenca road as far as to Utiel (54| miles). The province is divided into twenty-one partidos judiciales and has 275 ayuntamientos. There are six "cities" Valencia (see below), Gandia (7604 inhabitants in 1877), Jativa (14,534), Requena (13,527), Sagunto (6287), and Alcira (16,146). VALENCIA, capital of the above province, is situated in the beautiful " huerta " of Valencia, on the right bank of the Guadalaviar or Turia, 3 miles above its mouth, and 304 miles by rail east-south-east from Madrid. Until 1871 it was enclosed by a wall, built in 1356 by Pedro IV.; two
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