W I N W I N 601 1871 the population of the municipal borough was 11,7G9 and in 1881 12,273; that of the parliamentary borough (area 3253 acres) in the same years was 17,281 and 19,082 respectively. Of this last total 3464 were in Buckinghamshire, into which county the parliamentary borough of Windsor extends. Windsor Castle, from its commanding position, its stately group of ancient buildings, and its long list of historical associations, is one of the most magnificent and interesting of royal palaces. It has for many centuries been the chief residence of the English sovereigns. 1 As early as the time of the Heptarchy a stronghold of some importance existed at Windsor ; the chief part of this still remains, and forms the great circular mound, about 125 feet in diameter, on which the Round Tower now stands. This great earth work was once surrounded by the fosse, agger, and vallum which were usually constructed to defend both Roman and Saxon strongholds. The primitive wooden enclosure was replaced by a stone circuit-wall in the time of William the Conqueror ; and the first complete Round Tower was built by Henry III. about 1272, but was wholly reconstructed on a more massive scale by Edward III., who in 1344 designed the new tower to form a meeting-place for his newly-estab lished order of the Knights of the Garter. Edward selected this spot because, according to a popular legend (quoted by Froissart), it was on the summit of the circular mound that King Arthur used to sit surrounded by his knights of the Round Table. The main bulk of the present Round Tower is of this date ; but its walls were heightened, and the tall flag-turret was added by the court architect, Sir Jeffrey Wyatville, in the reign of George IV. In addition to the Round Tower, Henry III. constructed long lines of circuit-walls, crowned at intervals with many smaller towers, one of which, named after him, still exists in good preserva tion. He also built a great hall, kitchen, and other apart ments, together with a chapel, which was afterwards pulled down to make room for the present chapel of St George. The beautiful little chapel cloister which Henry III. built still exists, and on its walls are traces of contemporary paintings in distemper. Another chapel was built by Henry III. and dedicated to his favourite saint, Edward the Confessor. This graceful building, with an eastern apse, is now called the Albert Memorial Chapel ; a good deal of Henry III. s work still exists in the lower part of its walls, but the upper part was rebuilt in 1501-3 by Henry VII. Some years later the unfinished chapel was given by Henry VIII. to Cardinal Wolsey, and for long after it was known as "Wolsey s tomb-house." Wolsey engaged a Florentine sculptor named Benedetto 2 to make him a very magnificent and costly tomb of marble and gilt bronze, with a recumbent effigy at the top, probably very similar in design to Torrigiano s tomb of Henry VII. at Westminster. The rich bronze work of Wolsey s tomb was torn oft and melted by order of the Commonwealth in 1642, and the mere metal was sold for the then large sum of 600. In 1805 the black marble sarcophagus, stripped of its bronze ornaments, was moved from Windsor and used as a monument over Nelson s grave in the crypt of St Paul s. Though Wolsey s tomb-house was roofed in and used for mass by James II., the stone vaulting was not com pleted till recent times, when the whole place was fitted up by Sir Gilbert Scott as a memorial to the Prince Consort. Its internal walls were then lined with rich marbles, and decorated with reliefs by Baron Triqueti, in a style some what tawdry and discordant with the old building. The magnificent chapel of St George ranks next to Westminster Abbey as a royal mausoleum, though no king was buried there before Edward IV., who left directions in his will that a very splendid tomb was to be erected with an effigy of himself in silver. Nothing now remains of this, except part of the wrought iron grille which sur rounded the tomb one of the most elaborate and skilfully wrought pieces of iron-work in the world. This grille has recently been moved from the north aisle to the north side of the sanctuary. The next sovereign buried here was Henry VIII., who directed that his body should be laid beside that of Jane Seymour, in a magnificent bronze and marble tomb. The tomb was never completed, and what existed of its metal-work was probably melted down by the Commonwealth. No trace of it now remains. The chapel itself is one of the finest examples of Perpendicular archi tecture in England, and is on the whole finer in design than the other two royal chapels, those of King s College at Cambridge and that of Henry VII. at Westminster, which were a little later in date. The existing building was begun by Edward IV., who in 1473 pulled down almost the whole of the earlier chapel, which had been completed and filled with stained glass by Edward III. in 1363. The nave of St George s was vaulted about the year 1490, but the choir groining was not finished till 1507 ; the hanging pendants from the fan vaulting of the choir mark a later development of style, which contrasts strongly with the simpler lines of the earlier nave vault. In 1516 the lantern and the rood-screen were completed, but the stalls and other fittings were not finished till after 1519. The present private apartments of the sovereign at Windsor were mostly rebuilt or remodelled by Sir Jeffrey Wyatville, but some of the rooms, and especially the library, contain fine mantelpieces and ceilings of the 16th and 17th centuries. Among the many treasures preserved in tlie royal library is a fine collection of drawings by the chief Italian painters, together with three volumes of MSS. in the auto graph of Leonardo da Vinci, illustrated with many draw ings by his hand. 3 The library also contains a magnificent series of portraits by Holbein, eighty-seven in number, highly finished in sepia and chalk, representing the chief personages of Henry VIII. s court all of them works of the highest beauty and marvels of iconic vigour. The foundation at tached to the royal chapel, which possesses the privileges of a "royal peculiar," consists of a dean, who is exempt from any episcopal jurisdiction, and a college of canons. The royal forest of Windsor is one of the finest in the country, though it has been much reduced in size even since 1790, when it contained about 60,000 acres; many of its oaks are of great size and antiquity. (j. H. M.I WINDWARD ISLANDS. See WEST INDIES. WINE THE word "wine" in its widest sense includes all alcoholic beverages derived from sacchariferous vegetable juices by spontaneous fermentation ; in the 1 See Loftie, Windsor, reprinted with etchings from The Portfolio, London, 1885; Tighe and Davis, Annals of Windsor, I860; and Ashton, Illustrations of Windsor Castle, 1841. 2 Probably a son or nephew of the Florentine sculptor Benedetto da Maiano, who died in 1497 ; another member of the same family was employed by Wolsey at Hamptou Court. narrower sense of its ordinary acceptance it designates the fermented product of grape juice, with which alone the present article proposes to deal. PART I. CHEMISTRY. Vinous fermentation, phenomenally and chemically, is 3 These have recently been printed with an English translation by Dr Richter, London, 1883. See also Dr Waagen, Treasures of Art in Britain, London, 1854, vol. ii.
XXIV. 76