W I N W I N 613 that his namesake perished according to the story. Herr Biirkli confines his criticism to the first struggle, in which alone mention is made of the driving back of the Swiss, pointing out also that the chronicle of 1476 and other later accounts attribute to the Austrians the manner of attack and the long spears which were the special characteristics of Swiss warriors, and that if Winkclried were a knight (as is asserted by Tschudi) he would have been clad in a coat of mail, or at least had a breastplate, neither of which could have been pierced by hostile lances. Whatever may be thought of this daring theory, it seems clear that, while there is some doubt as to whether such an act as Winkelried s was possible at Sempach, taking into account the known details of the battle, there can be none as to the utter lack of any earl} and trustworthy evidence in support of his having per formed that act in that battle. It is quite conceivable that such evidence may later come to light ; for the present it is wanting. Authorities. See in particular Theodor von Liebenau s Die Schlacht bei Sempach Oedenkbuch zur fiinften Sacularfeier (1886), published at the expense of the Government of Lucerne. This contains every mention or description of the battle or of anything relating to it, published or unpublished, in prose or in verse, com posed within 300 years after the battle, and is a most marvellous and invaluable collection of original materials, in which all the evidence for Winkelried s deed has been brought together in a handy shape. Besides the works mentioned in the text, the following are the most noteworthy pamphlets relating to this con troversy. In support of Winkelried s act : G. v. Wyss, Ueber eine Ziircher-Chronik aus clem 15tenjah.rhunde.rt, Zurich, 1862; A. Daguet, "La Question de Wink-d ried," in Musee Ne.uchatelois for Dec. 1883 ; G. H. Ochsenbein, " Die Winkelried- frage," in Sonntagsblatt of the Bund newspaper for Jan. and Feb. 1879; A. Bcrnouilli, WinkelneJs That bei Sempach, Basel, ISSfi; W. Oechsli, Zur Sempacher Schlacht feier, Zurich, 1886 ; E. Secretun, Sempach et WinJcelrietl, Lausanne, 1886 ; find the summary in K. Diindliker s larger Geschichte der Schweiz, i. 510-525, Zurich, 1884. Against Winkelried s claims we have the remarkable study of <). Kleissner, Die Qitellen zw Sempacher Schlacht und die Winkelriedsage, Gottingen, 1873; 0. Hartmann, Die Schlacht bei Sempach, Frauenfeld, 1886; and the concise summary of the evidence given by M. v. Sturler (the first to suspect the story) in the Anzeiyer fur Schweiz. Geschichte, 1RS1, 3H2-394. (W. A. B. C.) WINNIPEG, capital of the province of Manitoba, in the Dominion of Canada, stands at the confluence of the Red River and the Assiniboine, in 49 56 N. lat. and 97 7 W. long., and 764 feet above the sea. Its name is taken from Lake Winnipeg (Ojibway, Win, "muddy, " and Nijn, " water "). The waters of the Red River reach the lake 45 miles north of the city. For some five miles north of " the Forks," as the junction of the rivers was formerly called, lay the old Red River colony of Lord Selkirk, founded in 1812 (see vol. xx. p. 315). Five fur traders or colonists forts have stood within the city limits: (1) Fort Rouge (1736), of the French voyageurs ; (2) Fort Gibraltar (1804-15), built by the north-west traders of Montreal; (3) Fort Douglas (1813-35), Lord Selkirk s fort; (4) old Fort Garry (1821-35), of Hudson s Bay Company; and (5) new Fort Garry (1835-82). The transfer of Rupert s Land to Canada in 1870 led to the formation of the province of Manitoba. Then, too, Winnipeg was begun as a village, half a mile north of Fort Garry. The city is built on the prairie; a part of the site was swampy, but is being well drained. The city includes both sides of the Assiniboine, but on the east side of the Red River there is an independent corpor ation, the town of St Boniface, which is virtually a suburb. St Boniface, with 1449 inhabitants, was first settled by Lord Selkirk s German De Meuron soldiers in 1817. The growth of Winnipeg has been remarkable. Living on its site in 1871 there were but 241 souls. As Canadian im migration increased the village grew, and in 1873 it was incorporated as a city, in the face of strenuous opposition by the Hudson s Bay Company. The census of 1881 gave the city 7985 inhabitants. In the following year Winni peg, as being the central point of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, became a place of great prospective importance. An enormous rise in values took place. The population of the city doubled in a few months, and the wildest specu lation took place. This inflation, locally known as "the boom," caused much damage, and in the following year the collapse brought down almost all the business men of the city. The population diminished very rapidly, but has risen again, and is now increasing. The census of 1886 gave Winnipeg 20,238 inhabitants. The city has water, gas, electricity, and ample fire protection, and archi tecturally presents a fine appearance. Main Street, which is 132 feet wide and block-paved for a mile, is stated to be one of the best streets in Canada. Being on the eastern edge of the prairies, which run for a thousand miles to the Rocky Mountains, and standing to the west of the great Laurentian formation extending from Montreal, Winnipeg is an important railway centre. The first railway to reach the city was the Pembina branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which connects with the railway system of the United States. This took place in December 1878. The Canadian Pacific Railway has not only its main line now running through the city, but five other branches radiat ing from this centre. Forty miles of the Hudson s Bay Railway, to run from Winnipeg to York Factory, are already completed, and the Government of Manitoba is construct ing (1888) an independent line to connect with the Ameri can railway system, to be known as the Red River Valley Railway. The total valuation of property for the city for 1887 was $19,392,410, while the exports of the port of Winnipeg for the year were of the value of 8816,260, with $1,929,120 of imports. There are seven chartered banks, and many branches of Canadian and English life assurance and loan associations are in operation. In education Winnipeg is the centre of the Canadian North- West. The Winnipeg public and secondary schools com pare favourably with those of other Canadian cities, and employ 50 teachers, male and female. At Winnipeg is situated the provincial university, to which are affiliated four colleges, St Boniface (Roman Catholic), St John s (Church of England), Manitoba (Presbyterian), and Mani toba medical college. The university has been voted 150,000 acres of wild land by the Dominion Government, and has received $85,000 of a legacy from a native of Rupert s Land. There are 24 church buildings in the city and neighbourhood. The census of 1886 gives the religion of the population as follows : Church of England, 5962; Presbyterians, 5271; Methodists, 3217; Roman Catholics, 2244. The societies are the historical and scientific society, and St Andrew s, St George s, St Patrick s, St Jean Baptiste, Scandinavian, and Hebrew national societies. Masonic, oddfellows , and temperance organizations are strong. There are two hospitals, besides a children s home and maternity hospital. The finer build ings and erections are the city hall, post-office, parliament buildings, governor s residence, court-house, college build ings, Hudson s Bay Company warehouse, Westminster block, Cauchon block, and the volunteer monument of 1886 on the City Square. WINONA, a city and the county seat of Winona county, Minnesota, United States, is situated upon the west bank of the Mississippi, on a terrace slightly elevated above the river. This terrace is in the bottom-land, which is here 5 to 7 miles in width between the bluffs, which rise 400 to 500 feet above it. The surrounding country is fertile and well settled, being devoted principally to the culture of the cereals. There are ample railroad communications, and the Mississippi is navigable for 160 miles above the city. Lumber and flour are manufactured largely. The population in 1885 was 15,664; in 1880 it was 10,208, one-third being foreign-born. The coloured element was inconsiderable. The town was laid out in 1852, and five years later a city government was organized. In 1860 a large part of the city was destroyed by fire, but the losses were speedily repaired, and since that time the growth of Winona has been rapid. WINSLOW, EDWARD (1595-1655), was born in Wor cestershire, England, October 19, 1595. He became a member of Robinson s church at Leyden, and in 1620 joined the " Mayflower " company of pilgrims with his wife and brother, being one of the party which discovered
Plymouth Harbour. His wife died soon after their arrival,