Y O K Y O N 745 proximity to Tokio, the capital, and of the extent of its trade. It stands on a plain, extending along the Bay of Tokio and shut in by hills, one of which, towards the south-east, terminates in a promontory called Honmoku- misaki. Its area extends over 873 of a square mile, of which 26 is occupied by the foreign settlement. The climate is variable, the range in temperature being from 95 to 43 Fahr., and the mean temperature 57 7. The cold in winter is severe owing to the prevalence of northerly Light?. Plaii of Yokohama. winds, while the heat is great in summer, though it is tempered by sea breezes from the south-west. The rain fall is large according to Dr Hepburn s observations (1863-1869) 69J inches annually. In 1859, when the neighbouring town of Kanagawa was opened to foreigners under the treaty with the United States, Yokohama was an insignificant fishing village ; and notwithstanding the protests of the foreign representatives the Japanese Govern ment shortly afterwards chose the latter place as the settle ment instead of Kanagawa. The town has since increased .so rapidly that in 1886 the population was 111,179 (3904 foreigners, including 2573 Chinese, 256 Americans, and 625 British). The Japanese Government has constructed various public buildings, a granite breakwater, and a cause way 2 miles long, connecting the town with Kanagawa. Waterworks on the most improved principle have been completed recently, the water being supplied from the Sagamigawa. The foreign settlement consists of well- constructed streets with business establishments. The wealthier portion of the foreigners reside, however, on a hilly locality to the south of the town, called the Bluff. The land occupied by foreigners has been leased to them by the Japanese Government, 20 per cent, of the annual rent being set aside for municipal expenses. The harbour, which is a part of the Bay of Tokio, is good and commodious, extending from Honmoku-misaki {Treaty Point) to the mouth of the Tsurumi, a distance of about 5 miles. The average depth at high water is about 46 feet, with a fall of tide of about 8 feet, the entrance being marked by a lightship and two buoys. There are two landing-places, the English and the French "hatoba"; but, as there are no quays available for large vessels, goods have to be carried to the shore in junks. Steamers from San Francisco, Vancouver s Island, China, tfec., call re gularly. A railway about 18 miles long connects Yoko hama with Tokio. This, the first railway in Japan, was constructed in 1872. Yokohama is the terminus of the Tokaido line, which will ultimately connect Yokohama with Kioto, the former capital. The following table shows the value of the foreign trade of Yoko hama from 1878 to 1880 : Exports. Imports. 1878 3,116,896 3,873,459 3,792,991 4,319,077 5,451,803 5,245,290 4,381,026 6,502,466 5,077,769 4,799,456 5,378,385 4,404,289 4,155,628 3,925,392 3,967,644 4,lie,842 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 The figures for the bullion trade in 1886 were export ("-old) 9291, (silver) 1,243,569; import (gold) 4776, (silver)l, 903,010. The revenue from custom duties, &c. , in the same year was export duties, 212,587 ; import duties, 198,866; warehouses, 1979; harbour dues, 1870. YOKOSUKA, a seaport and naval station of Japan, is situated in the province of Sagami and on the Bay of Tokio, 12 miles south of Yokohama (see map in vol. xxiii. p. 433). The port is sheltered by hills and affords good anchorage. The site was occupied by a small fishing village until 1865, when the shogun s Government estab lished a shipyard there. Since then it has grown rapidly and come into prominence. In 1868 the Japanese Govern ment converted the shipyard into a naval dockyard, and subsequently carried out many improvements. In 1884 the port became a first-class naval station ; and naval barracks, warehouses, offices, hospitals, <fcc., were estab lished there. A large number of ships-of-war and of the mercantile marine are always found in the port, as well as an increasing number of foreign vessels, which come to be docked and repaired. The dockyard was first constructed by French engineers; but since 1875 the work has been entirely in the hands of Japanese engineers. The number of hands employed is about 2800. There are three dry docks and slips. The area occupied by the dockyard and other naval establishments is 7000 acres, and that of the town 270 acres. The population was 5800 in 1888. YONKERS, a city of Westchester county, New York, United States, is situated upon the east bank of the Hudson river, about 18 miles from its mouth, and on the New York Central and Hudson River and the New York City and Northern Railroads. The site is very hilly, con sisting of ridges forming terraces parallel to the river. The city had in 1880 a population of 18,892(12,733 in 1870). Yonkers has important manufacturing industries, principally of carpets, hats, silk, brass goods, elevators (lifts), steam engines, and machinery ; but it is chiefly as a residence suburb, being within an hour of the business centre of the metropolis, that it has acquired its popula tion and importance. Yonkers was settled by the Dutch of New Amsterdam about the middle of the 17th century, and was held as a manor until 1779. In 1788 it was organized as a township, and in 1872 it received a city charter. YONNE, a department of central France, was formed in 1790 partly from the province of Champagne proper (with its dependencies, Senonais and Tonnerrois), partly from Burgundy proper (with its dependencies, the county of Auxerre and Avallonnais), and partly from Gatinais (Orleanais and lle-de-France). It lies between 47 18 and 48 25 N. lat. and 2* 50 and 4 20 E. long., and is bounded by Aube on the N.E., Cote-d Or on the E., Nievre on the S., Loiret on the W., and Seine-et-Marne on the N.W. The highest elevation (2000 feet) of the department is in the granite mountains of Morvan, in the south-east, where other peaks range from 1300 to 1600 feet. These moun tains are flanked by limestone plateaus, from 700 to 1200 feet in height, traversed by the Yonne and its tributaries. The department belongs wholly to the basin of the Seine, except a small district in the south-west, which belongs to that of the Loire. The river Yonne flows through it from south to north-north-west, receiving on the right bank the
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