748 YORK [COUNTY. Com munica tion. Manu factures .and trade. Water ing- places and spa.s Adminis tration and popu lation. acre each, and the estimated area of common land was 99,912 acres. The following proprietors owned over 10,000 acres each : Charles Toroeley 23,153, earl of Harewood 20,830, duke of Devonshire 19,833, Earl Fitzwilliam 19,165, Andrew Montagu 17,591, duke of Norfolk 15 270 George Lane Fox 15,018, earl of Dartmouth 14,723, Walter Morrison 14,118, Sir H. J. Tufton 12,202, T. W. S. Stanhope 11,357, Ayseough Fawkes 11,205, James Farrer 11,088, marquis of Ripon 10>08, Sir H. D. Ingilby 10,610, and duke of Leeds 10,034. Communication. The county, especially in the manufacturing districts, is intersected with railways in all directions, the princi pal companies being the North Eastern, the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln, the Lancashire and Yorkshire, the Midland, and the Great Northern. A considerable amount of traffic, especially in coal, is carried on by means of the canals. Manufactures and Trade. For many years an extensive district in the West Riding has been famed for its woollen and worsted manufactures. The early development of the industry was due partly to the abundance of water power supplied by the numerous streams in the valleys by which the district is indented ; and in recent times the happy accident of the proximity of coal and iron has enabled the industry to keep pace with modern requirements. The AVest Riding is now the chief seat of the woollen manufacture in the United Kingdom, and lias almost a monopoly in the manu facture of worsted cloths. In this industry nearly all the important towns in the Riding are engaged, Leeds having for its specialty almost every variety of woollen and worsted cloth, Bradford yarns and mixed worsted goods, Dewsbury, Batley, and the neighbouring districts shoddy, Huddersfield both plain goods and fancy trouser ings and coatings, and Halifax, to the neighbourhood of which the cotton industry of Lancashire has also penetrated, worsted and car pets. Next to the woollen industry comes the manufacture of iron and steel machinery and implements of every variety, Leeds being one of the principal seats of all kinds of mechanical engineering, and Sheffield of iron work and cutlery. For the minor manufac tures in the district, and for more specific details, reference must be made to the separate articles on the different towns. Until comparatively recently agriculture was the chief calling of the North Riding; but the discovery of iron ore in the Cleveland region has led to the formation of another great manufacturing centre, mainly devoted to the production of pig-iron, the manufacturing of steel by the basic process, and iron shipbuilding. The industrial activity of the East Riding is mostly centred in Hull, the chief port of the county, although the Lancashire ports must be regarded as the principal ports for the trade, especially of the West Riding. In the North Riding Middlesbrough is rising into importance as a shipping port, and Whitby, though not progressing as a port, has a considerable coasting trade. The fishing industry, which is of minor importance, is carried on at Hull, Filey, Whitby, and Scar borough, and a considerable number of villages. Scarborough is by far the most attractive and thriving watering- place north of the Thames ; and a number of others, such as Whitby, Bridlington, Filey, and Saltburn, are rising yearly in repute. Among others, chiefly of local celebrity, are Redcar, Hornsea, and Withernsea. There are a considerable number of inland spas fre quented to some extent by persons from other parts of the county, but the only one of wide reputation is Harrogate. Administration and Population. Yorkshire lias from an early period been divided into three ridings, each of which has a lord lieutenant. The East Riding has a separate court of quarter sessions and a commission of the peace. The city of York within the municipal limits constitutes a separate division of the county. The municipal city and the ainsty are for parliamentary purposes included in the North Riding, for registration purposes in the East Riding, and for all other purposes in the West Riding. The parlia mentary city of York, which formerly extended beyond the muni cipal limits, is partly in the North and partly in the East Riding. The following table gives the population of the county and of the three ridings in 1801, 1821, 1871, and 1881 : 1S01 1821 1871 18S1 East Riding North Riding (with the municipal city of York) 139,433 155,506 190,449 183,381 268,466 34(>,51S 315,460 395,790 363,953 Tt 9,357 1,8 21,371 2,175,314 058 892 1 173 187 2 436 355 2 886 5C4 The population has more than quadrupled since 1801, the increase having been much the greatest in the West Riding. Though in area much the largest, Yorkshire is in population third among English counties, being exceeded in this respect both by Lancashire and Middlesex. The number of males in 1881 was 1,420,001 and of females 1,466,563. The number of persons to an acre in the county was 074 East Riding 42, North Riding (not including the city of York) 25, and West Riding 1 23. The East Riding comprises 6 wapentakes and the municipal boroughs of Beverley (pop. 11,425), Kingstoii-npoii Hull (154,240), and Hedon (966). It is divided into 12 petty and special sessional divisions. The borough of Kingston-upon-Hull has a separate court of quarter sessions and a commission of the peace, and the borough of Beverley has a com mission of the peace. The riding contains 352 civil parishes with part of one other, viz., Filey, which extends into the North Riding. It is entirely in the diocese of York. The North Riding comprises 11 wapentakes, the liberties of East and AVest Langbaurgh and of Whitby Strand, and the municipal boroughs of Middlesbrough (55,934), Richmond (4502), and Scarborough (30,504). It is divided into 19 petty and special sessional divisions. The boroughs of Richmond and Scarborough have separate courts of quarter sessions and commissions of the peace, and the borough of Middlesbrough has a commission of the peace. The riding contains 554 civil parishes and parts of five others. It is almost entirely in the diocese of York and Ripon. The West Riding comprises 9 wapen takes, the city of Ripon (7390), and the municipal boroughs of Barnsley (29,790), Batley (27,505), Bradford (183,032), Dewsbury (29,637), Doncaster (21,139), Halifax (73,630), Harrogate (9482), Huddersfield (81,841), Leeds (309,119), Pontefract (8798), Rother- ham (34,782), Sheffield (284,508), AVakefield (30,854), and Keighley (12,085). The riding is divided into 25 petty and special sessional divisions. The city of York, the boroughs of Bradford, Doncaster, Leeds, Pontefract, and Sheffield, and the liberty of Ripon (including the city) have separate courts of quarter sessions and commissions of the peace, and the boroughs of Batley, Dewsbury, Halifax, Huddersfield, and AVakefield have commissions of the peace. The liberty and the borough of Ripon are not included in the AYest Riding for the purposes of the county rate, but are rated separately. The riding contains 724 civil parishes and parts of six others. It is mostly in the dioceses of York, Ripon, and Manchester. For parliamentary purposes the East Riding is formed into three divi sions, Buckrose, Holderness, and Howdenshire, each returning one member. It also includes the parliamentary borough of Kingston-upon-Hull, returning three members, with part of the borough of York city, which returns two members. The North Riding for parliamentary purposes is formed into four divisions, Cleveland, Richmond, Thirsk, and AA T hitby, each returning one member. It also includes the boroughs of Middlesbrough and Scarborough, each returning one member, with portions of the boroughs of Stockton and York city. The West Riding for parliamentary purposes is formed into three divisions, which are again subdivided into districts each returning one member, the north division into five districts, the south into eight, and the east into six. The riding also includes the following parliamentary boroughs : Bradford returning three members, Dewsbury one, Halifax two, Huddersfield one, Leeds five, Pontefract one, Sheffield five, and AVakefield one. History and Antiquities. Traces of the old British inhabitants Histo are numerous in the AA r olds of the East Riding and the moors of the North Riding. Remains of the circular pit -dwellings of ancient Brigantian villages still exist at Egton Grange, Hole Pits, Killing Pits, Danby, and Roseberry Topping. A large number of implements, of both flint and bronze, have been discovered in the barrows on the AVolds and moors, and in the caves of the limestone district. Circles and other stone monuments are not uncommon, the most remarkable being the monolith, 29 feet in height, at Rudston, and the group of monoliths called the Devil s Arrows at Boroughbridge, 16, 214-, and 22 feet in height respectively. On the hill-sides there are numerous ancient earthworks and dykes, such as the fortification on Flamborough Head, incorrectly called the Danes dyke. Yorkshire was included in the territory of the Brigantes at the time of its invasion by the Romans in 51 ; it did not, however, make formal submission till 79. It afterwards formed part of the district of Maxima Ciesaricnsis, of which the capital was Eboracum (York). The central districts of Yorkshire seem to have been densely peopled by the Romans. AVatling Street entered the county near Bawtry, crossed the Don at Danum (Doncaster), the Aire at Lcycolium (Castleford), and the AVharfe at Calcaria (Tadcaster). Thence it proceeded by Eboracum (York), Isurium (Aldborough), and Cataradonium (Catterick Bridge) to Ad Tisam (Pierce Bridge), where it crossed the Tees. Another road passed eastwards from York to JVlalton, and various branches traversed the county in different directions. A great variety of Roman remains have been discovered and traces of Roman camps are numerous, such as Cataractonium,, the outlines of the station at Old Malton, the ancient wall with the multangular tower at York, and the remains of Isurium. After the departure of the Romans Yorkshire was overrun by the Picts. Subsequently it formed the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Deira to the south of Bernicia (see vol. viii. p. 270). The two were included in Northumbria, which seems to have been under the rule sometimes of a single prince and sometimes of two separate princes in Bernicia and Deira, the northern boundary of the latter kingdom being probably the Tees and the southern always the Humber (see NORTHUMBERLAND, vol. xvii. p. 568 sq., where the early history of the district, includ ing a notice of the Danish invasions, is given). After the Con
quest Yorkshire was divided among several Norman earls includ-