770 Z A R Z A R north of this province. At its lowest point, where the Ebro quits it, Zaragoza is only 105 feet above sea-level. The soil is in its level portions comparatively fertile, the chief productions being wheat, rye, barley, oats, hemp, flax, oil, and wine. Silkworms are bred ; and on the higher grounds sheep are reared. There are considerable forests on the lower mountain slopes. Zaragoza has no manufac tures of importance. The province is traversed by the Ebro Valley Railway, which connects Miranda on the northern line with Lerida, Barcelona, and Tarragona, and has a branch to Huesca ; it also has communication with Madrid ; and there are local lines to Cariiiena (south-west from Zaragoza) and to Puebla de Hijar (along the right bank of the Ebro). The Aragon Canal, originally intended to con nect the Mediterranean with the Atlantic, is open from Tudela (El Bocal) to a point below Zaragoza. There are 13 particles judiciales and 312 ayuntamientos ; of these only Calatayud (11,512) and ZARAGOZA (see below) have more than 10,000 inhabitants. The total population of the province in 1877 was 400,587. ZARAGOZA, capital of the above province, formerly capital of the kingdom of Aragon, lies at a height of 600 Plan of Zaragoza. 1, 3. 4. 2. Railway sta tions. Cathedral del Pilar, or of the Pillar. Municipal buildings. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Archbishop s palace. Aljaferia. Bull-ring. Civil hospital. Military hos pital. 10. 11. 12. Academy of Fine Arts. Government offices Church of St Philip and St James. 13. 14. 15. 10. Cathedral of La Seo. University. Capitania general. S. Engracia. feet above sea-level, on a rich plain on the right bank of the Ebro, just above its confluence with the Huerva, 212 miles by rail to the north-east of Madrid. The river is here crossed by a fine stone bridge of seven arches, erected in 1437, and another bridge of iron much needed for the convenience of through railway traflic, is projected. Seen from a distance, the city with its numerous domes and towers has an imposing appearance, Avhich it hardly main tains on a nearer approach. The older streets are narrow, gloomy, and ill paved ; the massive buildings formerly in habited by the Aragonese nobility are either in ruins or turned into wood-stores and granaries; and an air of poverty and decay pervades the whole town. By the river side there are public walks and avenues of poplar. The two most important buildings of Zaragoza are its cathedrals, in each of which the chapter resides alternately for six months. La Seo (" The See ") is the older of the two, dating chiefly from the 14th century; its prevailing style is Gothic, but the oldest portion, the lower portion of the apse, is Byzantine, and the facade is of the Late Pseudo-Classical style, by which so many churches in Spain have been dis figured. The Tglesia Metropolitana del Pilar is the larger and more modern building, dating only from the latter half of the 17th century ; it was built after designs by Herrera el Mozo, and owes its name to one of the most venerated objects in Spain, the " pillar " of jasper on which the Virgin is said to have alighted when she manifested herself to Santiago as he passed through Zaragoza. It has no architectural merit ; externally its most conspicuous features are its domes, which are decorated with rows of green, yellow, and white glazed tiles. The church of San Pablo dates mainly from the 13th century. Adjoining the church of San Felipe is the Torre Nueva, an octangular clock tower in diapered brickwork, dating from 1504; it leans some 9 or 10 feet from the perpendicular, owing to faulty foundations. Among other conspicuous public build ings are the municipal buildings, the exchange (Lonja], and the civil and military hospitals, which are among the largest in Spain. The university was founded in 1474, but its history has not been brilliant. To the west of the town is the Aljaferia or old citadel, an irregular pile origin ally built as a palace by the Moors and also used as such by its Christian owners. It was afterwards assigned by Ferdinand and Isabella to the Inquisition, and has since been used as barracks, a military hospital, and a prison ; it is now unoccupied and falling into decay. The chief manufactures of Zaragoza are silk, woollen cloth, leather, saltpetre, soap, and chocolate ; and there is considerable trade in agricultural produce, and in wine and spirits. The population of the town in 1877 was 84,575. Zaragoza, the Coltibcrian Salduba, was colonized at the close of the Cantabrian War (25 B.C.) by Augustus, who gave it his own name, Ceesarca Augusta, or Csesaraugustn. It was a colonia immunis and the seat of a conventus juridicus. No remains of the ancient city have been preserved. It was taken by the Goths about 466 and in 712 by the Moors. In 1118 it was recovered by Alonso el Batallador of Aragon after a siege of live years, during which the defenders were reduced by famine to the direst straits. In 1710 Stanhope defeated the French under Philip Y. not far from the town. The most memorable recent events in the history of Zaragoza are those which took place during the Napoleonic invasion. In 1808 the citizens rose against the French, and, under the command of PALAFOX (q.v. ), defended the town for two months. The first siege was raised on 15th August 1808 ; but the respite then gained was not made use of to strengthen the defences, and, when the enemy renewed their attack in greater force in December, the place was compelled to siirrender (20th February 1809), after losing in all nearly 60,000 men. ZARLINO, GIOSEFFE or GIUSEPPE (1517-1590), 1 musi- cal theorist, surnamed from his birthplace, ZARLINUS CLODIENSIS, was born at Chioggia, Venetia, in 1517. Studying in his youth for the church, he was admitted to the minor orders in 1539 and ordained deacon in 1541 at Venice ; but he soon devoted himself entirely to the study of music under the guidance of Adrian Willaert, then choir master at St Mark s. Willaert, dying in 1562, was suc ceeded by Cipriano di Rore, on whose removal to Parma in 1565 Zarlino was elected choir-master. Though now re membered chiefly as a theorist, it is evident that he must have been famoxis both as a practical musician and as a composer ; for, notwithstanding the limited number of his printed works, consisting of a volume entitled M^odulationes Sex Vocum (Venice, 1566), and a few motets and madrigals scattered through the collections of Scotto and other con temporary publishers, he both produced and superintended the public performance of some important pieces in the service of the republic. First among these was the music written to celebrate the battle of Lepanto (7th October 1571). Again, when Henry III. of France passed through Venice on his return from Poland in 1574, Zarlino directed on board the " Bucentaur " the performance of an ode for which he himself had composed the music, to verses supplied by Rocco Benedetti and Cornelio Frangipani. The ode 1 Burner and Hawkins place Zarlino s birth in 1540, and his death in 1590. Oaffi gives the true dates. Zarlino himself tells us that lie
was ordained deacon in 1541.