tlio telescope is movable oil a universal joint at its object- glass b. Near c is another plane mirror, which reflects the rays to the eye-glass. The eye being placed at the eye glass at c, the telescope is to be moved by the handle h so that the dot in the focus of the eye-glass shall pass over the outlines of the image seen by the eye, and the pencil at L performing a similar motion to that of the dot, and sliding freely in its sheath, presses with its weight on the paper ; a drawing of the object is the result. If the stand and slider H be lengthened, an enlarged drawing will be
obtained.CAMERA OBSCURA, an optical apparatus, consisting of a darkened chamber, at the top of which is placed a box or lantern, containing a convex lens and sloping mirror, or a prism combining the lens and mirror. The rays of light from surrounding objects are received by the lens, and the mirror reflects images of the scenery downwards on a table placed underneath. This ingenious contrivance is said to have been invented by Baptista Port a in the end of the IGth century. For the camera obscnra used bv photographers see Photography.
CAMERARIUS, Joachim (1500-1574), whose family name was Liebhard, one of the most learned classical scholars of his time, was born at Bamberg on the 12th A pril 1 500, He studied at Leipsic, Erfurt, and Wittenberg, and in the last-mentioned town he enjoyed the friendship of Melanchthon. For some years he was teacher of history and Greek at the Gymnasium, Nuremberg. In 1530 he was sent as deputy for Nuremberg to the Diet of Augsburg, wh. j ,re he rendered important assistance to Melanchthon. Five years later he was commissioned by Duke Ulrich of Wurtemberg to recognize the university of Tubingen ; and he subsequently rendered a similar service at Leipsic, where the remainder of his life was chiefly spent. He translated into Latin Herodotus, Demosthenes, Xenophon, Homer, Theocritus, Sophocles, Lucian, Theodoret, Nicephorus, and other Greek writers. He published upwards of 150 works, including a Catalogue of the Bishops of the principal Sees ; Creek Jlpistles ; Accounts of his Journeys, in Latin verse ; a Commentary on Plautus : Euclid, in Latin ; and the Lives of Helius Eobanus Hessus and Philip Melanchthon. He died at Leipsic in 1574.
CAMERARIUS, Joachim (1534-1598), a learned physician, son of the preceding, was born at Nuremberg, 6th November 1534. After having finished his studies in Germany he visited Italy, where he graduated as doctor of medicine. On his return lie was invited to reside at the courts of several princes ; but he was too much devoted to the study of chemistry and botany to accept their offers. He settled in his native town of Nuremberg, where he practised as a physician, and was the chief agent in founding a medical school. He wrote a Hortus Medicus, and several other works. He died on the llth October 1598.
CAMERINO, formerly the capital of a delegation of the same name in the States of the Church, and nov the chief town of a district, in the province of Macerata, in Italy, is situated on a height at the foot of the Apennines, 41 miles W. of Ancona. It is the seat of an archbishop, and possesses a small university founded in 1727, a theological seminary, nineteen conventual buildings, and a bronze statue of Pope Sixtus V., dating from 1587. Its cathedral, Sansovino, is built on the site of an ancient temple to Jupiter, and contains a number of excellent paintings. The culture and manufacture of silk is by far the most important branch of industry ; to which may be added the preparation of leather. Camerino occupies the site of the ancient Camerinum, an Umbrian city, whose inhabitants, the Camertes, are mentioned as an important people at a very early date. About the beginning of the Christian era its lands were bestowed on military colonists ; but it continued to enjoy considerable prosperity. In the Middle Ages it originally formed part of the duchy of Spoleto ; but it passed in the 13th century to the Varani family, and in 1520 was made an independent duchy by Leo X. About seventy years afterwards it was incorporated by the Papal States. The painter Carlo Maratta, the last of the so-called Roman school, was a native of the city. Population, 11,880.
CAMERON, John (1579-1623), a learned theologian, was born at Glasgow about 1579, and received his early education in his native city. After having taught Greek in the university for twelve months, he removed to Bordeaux, where he was soon appointed a regent in the College of Bergerac. He did not remain long at Bordeaux, but accepted the offer of a chair of philosophy at Sedan, where he passed two years. He then returned to Bordeaux, and in the beginning of 1604 he was nominated one of the students of divinity who were maintained at the expense of the church, and who for the period of four years were at liberty to prosecute their studies in any Protestant seminary. During this period he acted as tutor to the two sons of Calignon, chancellor of Navarre. They spent one year at Paris, and two at Geneva, whence they removed to Heidel berg, where they remained nearly twelve months. In this university, on the 4th of April 1608, he gave a public proof of his ability by maintaining a series of theses, De triplici Dei cum Homine Foedere, which were printed among his works. The same year he was recalled to Bordeaux, where he was appointed the colleague of Dr Primrose; and when Gomarus was removed to Leydevi, Cameron, in 1618, was appointed professor of divinity at Saumur, the principal seminary of the French Protestants.
In 1620 the progress of the civil troubles in France obliged Cameron to seek refuge for himself and family in England. For a short time he read private lectures on divinity in London ; and in 1622 the king appointed him principal of the university of Glasgow in the room of Robert Boyd, who had been removed from his office in consequence of his adherence to Presbyterianism. His successor appears to have been more favourably inclined to Episcopacy, a circumstance that may have tended to diminish the cordiality of his reception in his native city. Here he also taught divinity with great reputation, but he resigned his office in less than a year. Calderwood says that " Cameron was so misliked by the people that he was forced to quit his place soon afterwards."
He returned to France, and fixed his residence at Saumur ; and after an interval of a year he was appointed professor of divinity at Montauban. The country was still torn by civil and religious dissensions ; and as Cameron maintained the doctrine of passive obedience, he excited the indignation of the more strenuous adherents of his own party. He withdrew to the neighbouring town of Moissac ; but he soon returned to Montauban, and a few days afterwards he died at the age of about forty-six. Cameron left by his first wife several children, whose maintenance was under taken by the Protestant churches in France, All his works were published after his death.
Calvinists in France, who asserted that the will of man is only determined by the practical judgment of the mind ; that the cause of men s doing good or evil proceeds from the knowledge which God infuses into them ; and that God does not move the will physically, but only morally, by virtue of its dependence on the judgment of the mind. This peculiar doctrine of grace and free-will was adopted by Amyraut, Cappel, Bochart, Daille", and others of the more learned among the Reformed ministers, who judged Calvin s doctrines on these points too harsh. The Cameronites are moderate Calvinists, and approach to
the opinion of the Arminians. They are also called