Renaissance period to the incipient aspirations of modern music, and for that reason his name is representative in the history of art. The two great achievements generally ascribed to him are the further development of the recitative, lately introduced by Monteverde, and of infinite importance in the history of dramatic music, and the invention of the cantata, a smaller form of the oratorio, by which Carissimi superseded the madrigals formerly in use. He also may claim the merit of having given greater variety and interest to the instrumental accompaniments of vocal compositions. Carissimi s numerous compositions consist of masses, cantatas, motets, and oratorios. The complete collection of his works, formerly said to have existed in the musical archives of the church of St Apollinaris, has entirely dis appeared. Several English musical scholars deserve honour able mention for having rescued Carissimi s works from oblivion. Dr Burney and Hawkins have published speci mens of his compositions in their works on the history of music ; and Dr Aldrich collected an almost complete set of his compositions, at present in the library of Christ Church, Oxford. The British Museum also possesses numerous
valuable works by this great Italian master.CARLETON, Sir Dudley (1573-1651), an English statesman, was born in Oxfordshire in 1573, and educated at Christ Church College, Oxford. He went in a diplo matic capacity to the Low Countries when King James resigned the cautionary towns to the States ; and he was afterwards employed for twenty-nine years as ambassador to Venice, Savoy, and the United Provinces. Charles I. created him Viscount Dorchester, and appointed him one of his principal secretaries of state, an office which he held till his death in 1651. He published several works, con sisting chiefly of speeches, letters, and other productions on political subjects. The most valuable appeared after his death, and consist of a selection of letters to and from Sir Dudley Carleton during his embassy to Holland, from January 1G16 to December 1620, 4to, 1757. A careful pedigree of the Carleton family will be found in the preface to Chamber laine s Letters, Camden Society, 1861.
CARLETON, William (1798-1869), a popular Irish novelist, was born at Prillisk, Clogher, in the county of Tyrone. His father was a peasant tenant, and young Carleton passed his early life among scenes precisely similar to those he afterwards delineated with so much power and truthfulness. His parents, though of humble rank, were highly endowed by nature. The father was remarkable for his extraordinary memory, which was well stored with anecdote and tale ; the mother was noted throughout the district for the rich sweetness of her voice. Both possessed in a high degree those domestic virtues so frequently found among the humbler classes of the Irish people. The beautiful character of Honor, the miser s wife, in Far- darougha, is evidently sketched from the life by the loving hand of a son.
The education received by Carleton was of a very humble description. As his father removed from one small farm to another, he attended at various places the hedge-schools, which used to be a notable feature of Irish life. The admirable little picture of one of these schools in the Traits and Stories bears every mark of having been drawn from real experience. A smattering of some higher learning was picked up here and there as opportunity offered, and at the age of seventeen Carleton resolved to prosecute his education as a poor scholar. The resolution was not carried into effect ; he remained at home, prepar ing to enter upon the training for the priesthood, and receiving the unbounded veneration of the neighbouring peasantry for his supposed wonderful learning. An amusing account of this phase of his existence is given in the little sketch Denis O Shaugknessy. When about the age of nineteen he undertook one of the religious pilgrimages then common in Ireland. His experiences as a pilgrim were such as at a later period made him resign for ever the thought of entering the church. His vacillating ideas as to a mode of life were determined in a definite direction by the reading of Gil Bias, which chance had thrown in his way. He resolved to cast himself boldly upon the world, and try what fortune had in store for him. He went to Killanny, and for six. months acted as tutor in a neigh bouring farmer s family. Soon tiring of this occupation, he set out for Dublin, and arrived in the metropolis with 2s. 9d. in his pocket. He began to contribute to the journals, and his paper " The Lough Derg Pilgrim," which was published in the Christian Examiner, excited great attention. In 1830 appeared the first series of Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry, which at once placed the author in the first rank of Irish novelists. A second series appeared in 1832, and was received with equal favour both in Ireland and in England. From that time till within a few years of his death Carleton s literary activity was incessant. The best of his many productions are Far- darongha the Miser, perhaps on the whole the finest and most powerful of all his works ; The Tit fie Proctor ; Valentine M Clutchy ; The Black Prophet ; The Emigrants of Ahadarra. Some of his later writings, such as The Squanders of Castle Squander, were not so successful as the earlier tales. The author was not happy in describing the upper classes of Irish society, and overloaded his work with political or semi-political matter.
Carleton is facile princeps among Irish novelists, and it is to his pages that one must look for an adequate picture of the peculiar Irish character. His style is clear, graphic, and pleasing; the plots of his stories are generally slight but well constructed. In his pictures of peasant life he is unsurpassed ; the lights and shades of Irish character, the buoyant humour and domestic virtues that under other conditions would lead their possessors to prosperity and happiness, and the fatal flaws that seem to render it impossible for Ireland ever to become capable of self- government, receive equal justice at his hands. He in variably writes from intimate acquaintance with the scenes described and from loving sympathy with the many good and noble elements in the Irish nature. He does not hesitate to point out the darker features of Irish life, nor to draw attention to the fatal system of education and priestly supremacy that did so much to produce them. Carleton, after spending some years in America, settled in Dublin, where he died on the 30th January 1869. For many years before his death he had enjoyed a pension of 200 from the Crown.
and economics, was born at Capo d'Istria, in 1720. He was early distinguished for the extent and variety of his acquirements, and at the age of twenty-four was ap pointed by the senate of Venice to the newly-established professorship of astronomy and navigation in the University of Padua, and intrusted with the superintendence of the Venetian marine. After filling these offices for seven years with great credit, he resigned them, in order to devote himself to the study of antiquities and political economy. His principal economic works are his Delle Alonete, e della Instituzione delle Zecche d Italia ; his Ragionamento sopra i Bilanci economid delle Nazioni (1759), in which he main tained that what is termed the balance of trade between two nations is no criterion of the prosperity of either, since both may be gainers by their reciprocal transactions ; and his Sul libei-o Commercio dei Grani (1771), in which he argues that free trade in corn is not always advisable.
Count Carli s merits were appreciated by Leopold of