Its discovery is attributed to a Franciscan monk of Pisa. Carmine is used in tlie manufacture of artificial flowers, water-colours, rouge, cosmetics, and crimson ink, and in the painting of miniatures. Carmine Lake is a pigment obtained by adding freshly precipitated alumina to decoc
tion of cochineal.CARMONA, a town of Spain in the province of Seville, situated about 15 miles east of the city of that name, on a gentle elevation that overlooks an extensive plain. Its castle, now in ruins, was formerly the principal fortress of Peter the Cruel, and contained a spacious palace within its defences. The principal entrance to the town is an old Moorish gateway ; and the gate on the road to Cordova is partly of Koman construction. Part of the ancient college of San Teodomir is of Moorish architecture, and the tower of the church of San Pedro is an imitation of the Giralda at Seville. The principal trade is in oil, corn, and cattle. Carmona, the Roman Carmo, was the strongest city in Further Spain in the time of Julius Ctesar ; and its strength was greatly increased by the Moors, who surrounded it with a wall and ornamented it with fountains and palaces. lu 1247 Ferdinand III. of Castile took the city, and bestowed on it the motto Sicut Lucifer lucet in Aurora, sic in Wandalia Carmona. The Carmona fair, which is held in April, affords an almost unequalled oppor tunity of observing the genuine costumes and customs of southern Spain. Population, 20,704.
CARNAC, a village of France, in the department ot Morbihan and arrondissement of L Orient, about 9 miles south-west of Auray, which is the nearest railway station. It owes its celebrity to the rude stone monuments in its vicinity, which are among the most extensive and interesting of their kind. The most remarkable consist of long avenues of maenhirs or standing stones ; but there is also a great profusion of other erections, such as dolmens and barrows, throughout the whole district. About half a mile to the north of the village is the Menec system, which consists of eleven lines, numbers 942 maenhirs, and extends a distance of 3376 feet. The terminal circle, whose longest diameter is 300 feet, is somewhat difficult to make out, as it is broken by the houses and gardens of a little hamlet. Further to the north-east there is another system at Kermario (Place of the Dead), which consists of 994 stones, many of them of great size some, for example, 18 feet in height arranged in ten lines and extending about 4000 feet in length. Still further in the same direction is a third system at Kerlescant (Place of Burning), com posed of 266 stones, which are distributed into thirteen lines, terminated by an irregular circle, and altogether ex tend over a distance of 1000 feet or more. A fourth system at Menec Vihan, due east of the village of Carnac, has 125 stones. The alignment of Kermario points to the dolmen of Kercado (Place of St Cado), where there is also a barrow, explored in 1863; and to the east of Menec stands the great tumulus of Mont St Michel, which measures 317 feet in length and 192 feet in width at the base, and has at present a height of 33 feet. The tumulus, which is crowned with a chapel, was excavated by Rend Galles in 1862; and the contents of the sepulchral chamber, which include several jade and fibrolite axes, are preserved in the museum at Vannes. About a mile east of the village is a small piece of moorland called the Boceno, from the bocenieu or mounds with which it is covered ; and here, in 1874, the explorations of Cleuziou and Miln brought to light what they suppose to be the remains of a Gallo-Roman town. The tradition of Carnac is that there was once a convent of the Templars or Red Knights on the spot ; but this it seems is not supported by history. Similar traces were also discovered at Mane" Bras, a height about three miles to the east. The rocks of which these various monuments are composed is the ordinary granite of the district, and most of them present a strange appearance from their coating of white lichens. For further details the reader may consult the Prehistoric Times of Sir John Lubbock, who visited Carnac in 1867 along with Dr Hooker; the Guide to the Principal Chambered Barrows and other Prehistoric Monuments in the Islands of the Morbihan, &c. (1875), by W. C. Lukis, who spent consider able portions of seven years in the district ; the various pub lications of Ren6 Galles, such as his Fouilles du Mont tiaint Michel en Carnac, 1864, and Tumulus et dolmens de Ker cado, 1864 ; Fouquet s Des monuments celtiques et des mines romaines dans le Morbihan, 1873; Journal of Anthrop. Soc. of London, 1869, p cxxiii. ; Jephson s Walking Tour in Brittany, 1866; and the Proceedings of the Soc. of Scot. Antiq., 1875.
CARNARVON, County of, (Welsh Caer-yn-arfon), a maritime county of North Wales, is bounded on the N. by Beaumaris Bay, on the E. by Denbigh, on the S.E. by Merioneth ; on the S.W. by Cardigan Bay, and oil the W. by the Irish Sea and the Menai Strait. There is a small detached portion of the county on the N. coast of Denbighshire. The greatest length of this county is from north-east to south-west, and measures about 55 miles ; while its greatest breadth from south-east to north-west is about 23 miles. Nearly one-half of its whole length forms a spur-like peninsula, varying from five to nine miles in width, projecting in a south-west direction into the Irish Sea, and forming Cardigan Bay on the south, and Car narvon Bay on the north. The county possesses an area of 579 square miles, or 370,273 acres, and contains 10 hundreds and 76 parishes.
The Lower Silurian and Cambrian beds may be termed the basis of the geological features of this county; but they are so completely penetrated in every direction by intrusive igneous rocks that there is hardly a square mile of surface in the whole county free from their presence. These consist chiefly of compact felspar, felspathic traps, greenstone, quartz porphyries, and syenite. On the west, along the shore of the Menai Strait, there is a narrow belt of carboniferous limestone ; of this the Great Orme s Head is also composed ; and on the western side of the peninsular part of the county is a broad band of chlorite and mica schist with serpentine interspersed. Carnarvon is rich in mineral treasures ; for, besides lead and copper lodes and an appreciable amount of gold, its numerous slate quarries are amongst the most valuable mineral properties in the United Kingdom, and yield princely incomes to the fortunate possessors, besides furnishing employment to many thousands of workmen.
Carnarvon is the most mountainous of all the Welsh counties, and its mountains are the grandest of any in the British islands south of the Forth. The Snowdon range fills up the whole of the centre of the county ; and, with its lofty summits rising to the height of between 3000 and 4000 feet, throws an air of grandeur and sublimity over scenery which is of the most romantic and beautiful description. The summit of Snowdon itself is 3570 feet above the level of the sea, and it is surrounded by a phalanx of giants, many of them but little lower thai itself. Among the more important of these, within the county, are the Carnedd Llewelyn, 3482 feet; the Carnedd Dafydd, 3430 feet ; the Glyder Fawr, 3275 feet ; the Elidyr- fawr, 3033 feet ; the Moel Siabod. 2863 feet ; Moel Hebog, 2578 feet ; and Drum, 2527 feet in height. The rocks of which the Snowdonian range is composed are for the most part of a very bold and rugged description, which adds to the impressiveness of their immense masses.
