Besides the above-mentioned writings, Carnot was the author of several works on mathematical subjects, of which the best is his Inflexions sur la Mttaphysique du Calcul Infinitesimal, and several on political subjects, including Reponse de Carnot, Vun des fonda- teurs de la republique, au rapport du Bailleul sur la conspiration du, ISfrudidor (1798); Exploits dcsfranqais depuis le 22fructidor au l fr jusqu au 15 plumose an III. de la republique ; Expose de la situation de I Empire (1815) ; Expose de la conduite du general Carnot depuis le 1" juillet 1814.
CARNUNTUM, an ancient town in Upper Pannonia, on the right bank of the Danube It was of Celtic founda tion, but became at a somewhat early period a Roman post, and was raised to the rank of a colony and a municipium. For three years during his wars with the Marcomanni and Quadi it was the residence of Marcus Aurelius, and here a part of his Meditations was composed. The town was taken and destroyed by the German invaders in the 4th century ; but it was afterwards rebuilt, and continued to be a place of some importance till its final destruction in the wars against the Magyars in the Middle Ages. Extensive ruins, supposed to be those of Carnuntum, still exist at Hamburg or Haimburg, a small town of Lower Austria, about 24 miles east of Vienna.
CARO, Annibale (1507-15G6), poet, was born at Civita Nuova, in 1507 He became tutor in the family of Ludovico Gaddi, a rich Florentine, and then secretary to his brother Giovanni, by whom he was presented to a valuable ecclesiastical preferment at Rome. At Gaddi s death, he entered the service of the Farnese family, and became confidential secretary in succession to Pietro Ludo vico, duke of Parma, and to his sons, duke Ottavio and cardinals Ranuccio and Alexander Caro s most important work was his translation of the ^Eneid (Venice, 1581, Paris, 1760). He is also the author of Rime, Canzoni, and sonnets, a comedy named Gli Straccioni, and two clever jeux d esprit, one in praise of figs, La Ficheide, and another in eulogy of the big nose of Leoni Ancona, president of the Academia della Vertii, Caro s poetry is distinguished by very considerable ability, and particularly by the freedom and grace of its versification ; indeed he may be said to have brought the verso sciolto to the highest development it has reached in Italy His prose works consist of translations from Aristotle, Cyprian, and Gregory Nazianzen ; and of letters, written in his own name and in those of the cardinals Farnese, which are remarkable both for the baseness they display and for their euphemistic polish and elegance. His fame has been greatly damaged by the virulence with which lie attacked Ludovico Castelvetro in one of his canzoni, and by his meanness in denouncing him to the holy office as translator of some of the writings of Melanchthon. He died at Rome about 1566.
CAROLAN, Turlogh, the most famous of the modern Irish bards, was the son of John Carolau or O Carolan, a respectable descendant of an ancient tribe of East Breifny, a district now forming part of the counties of Meath and Westmeath. He was born at a place called Newtown, near Nobber, in the county of Meath about the year 1670. His father, being reduced to a state of poverty, quitted his native county and eventually settled at Alderford, co. Roscoinmon, on the invitation of the family of M Dermott Roe It was here that the future bard received his education, which appears to have been very limited, as he never acquired more than a smattering of the English language. In his eighteenth year he was seized with small-pox, and totally deprived of sight. This misfortune led to his becoming a professional bard or itinerant minstrel. His benefactress having provided him with a harp, a horse, and attendant, he began his avocation in his twenty-second year by visiting the houses of the surround ing gentry, his wanderings being chiefly confined to Cou- nauglit. [t is said, however, that he never played for hire, and that at the houses where he visited he was welcomed more as a friend than as an itinerant minstrel. To the family of M Dermott Roe he was attached by the tenderest ties of gratitude and affection, and for them were composed some of his sweetest strains. The number of Carolan s musical pieces, to nearly all of which he composed verses, is said to exceed 200. He died on the 25th March 1738, and was buried at Kilronan. His poetical Remains in the original Irish, with English metrical translations by Thomas Furlong, are printed in Hardiman s Irish Mvnstrdsy (1831). Many of his songs are preserved among the Irish MSS. in the British Museum.
CAROLINA, North and South. See North Carolina and South Carolina.
CAROLINE, Amelia Augusta (1768-1821), wife of George IV. of Great Britain, second daughter of Charles William Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel, was born on the 17th May 1768. She was brought up with great strictness, and her education did not fit her well for her after station in life. In 1795 she was married to George, the Prince of Wales, who disliked her, and sepa rated from her after the birth of a daughter in January 1796. The princess resided at Blackheath ; and as she was thought to have been badly treated by her profligate husband, the sympathies of the people were strongly in her favour. About 1806 reports reflecting on her conduct weie circulated so openly, that it was deemed necessary fur a commission to inquire into the circumstances. The princess was acquitted of any serious fault, but various improprieties in her conduct were pointed out and censured. In 1814 she left England and travelled on the Continent, residing principally in Italy. On the accession of George in 1 820, orders were given that the English ambassadors should prevent the recognition of the princess as queen at any foreign court. Her name also was formally omitted from the liturgy. These acts stirred up a strong feeling in favour of the princess among the English people generally , and she at once made arrangements for returning to Eng land and claiming her rights. She rejected a proposal that she should receive an annuity of .50,000 a year, on condition of renouncing her title and remaining abroad. Further efforts at compromise proved unavailing ; the princess arrived in England on the 6th June, and one month later a Bill to dissolve her marriage with the king on the ground of adultery was brought into the House of Lords. The trial began on the 17th August 1820, and on the 10th November the Bill, after passing the third reading, was abandoned. The public excitement had been intense ; the boldness of the queen s counsel, Brougham and Denman, unparalleled ; and the ministers felt that the smallness of their majority was virtual defeat. The queen was allowed to assume her title, but she was refused admittance to Westminster Hall on the coronation day, July 19, 1821. Mortification at this event seems to have hastened her death, which took place on the 7th August of the same year.
CAROLINE ISLANDS, a widely-scattered archipelago in the Pacific Ocean to the east of the Philippines and the north of New Guinea, between 3 and 11 N. lat, and 135 and 177 3 E. long. By the Spaniards, who lay claim to the whole, they are divided into the Western, the Central, and the Eastern Carolines.
Palau Islands, have a total area of 346 square miles, and are nearly encircled by a coral reef. The principal members of the group are Babelthaup, with an area of 275 miles, Corore, Urucdzapel, Jaracong or Errakong, Kiangle, Eimelms, Pellelew, and Angour or Ngaur ; and the general title of Errekeltiu Islands is applied to all the archipelago to the south of Babelthaup. The surface is frequently well
wooded and the soil fertile; and bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts,