founded upon Platonism, and he made especial use of the doctrines of reminiscence and pre-existence of souls. He regarded the world as formed by inferior spirits who are out of harmony with the supreme unity, knowledge of which is the true Gnosis. The souls which remember their pre-exist ing state can attain to this contemplation of unity, and thereby rise superior to all the ordinary doctrines of religion or life. Jesus is but a man iu whom this reminiscence is unusually strong, and who has consequently attained to unusual spiritual excellence and power. To the Gnostic the things of the world are worthless ; they are to him matters of indifference. From this position it easily followed that actions, being merely external, were morally indifferent, and that the true Gnostic should abandon himself to every lust with perfect indifference. The express declaration of these Antinomian principles is said to have been given by Epiphanes, son of Carpocrates. The notorious licentiousness
of the sect was the carrying out of their theory into practice.CARPZOV (in Latin Carpzovius), the name of a family, many of whose members attained distinction in Saxony in the 17th and 16th centuiies as jurists, theologians, and statesmen. They traced their origin to Simon Carpzov, who was burgomaster of Brandenburg in the middle of the 16th century, and who left two sons, Joachim and Benedict.
Benedict Carpzov (1565-1624), first of this name, second son of Simon, was an eminent jurist. He was born in Brandenburg in 1565, and was educated at the universities of Frankfort and Wittenberg and other German schools. He returned home in 1590, and was soon after nominated assessor in law. In 1595 he was appointed professor of law at Wittenberg, whence he removed in 1602 to the court of Sophia, electress of Saxony, at Colditz, who named him her chancellor. After some years he returned to Wittenberg, and died there, November 26, 1624, leaving five sous. He published a collection of writings entitled Disputationes juridical.
Benedict Carpzov (1595-1666), second of the name, was the second son of the preceding, and like him was a great lawyer. He was born at Wittenberg in 1595, was at first a professor at Leipsic, obtained an honourable post at Dresden in 1639, became Ordinary of the Faculty of Jurists at Leipsic in 1645, and was named privy councillor at Dresden in 1653. Among his works, which had a very extensive influence on the administration of justice, even beyond the limits of Saxony, are, Definitions forenses (1638), Practica nova rerum criminalium (1635), Opus decisionum illustrium Saxonice (1646), Processus juris Saxonici (1657), &c. His last years were spent at Leipsic, and his time was entirely devoted to sacred studies. He read the Bible through fifty-three times, studying also the comments of Osiander and Cramer, and making voluminous notes. These have been allowed to remain in manuscript. He died at Leipsic, August 30, 1666.
August Carpzov (1612-1683), fourth son of the first Benedict, distinguished himself as a diplomatist. Born at Colditz in 1612, engaged first as advocate of the court at Wittenberg, he was appointed in 1657 chancellor and pi-esident of the Consistory at Coburg, and from 1675 till his death was privy councillor at Gotha. He took part in negotiating the treaties of Osnaburg and Nuremberg. Like his brother he was a man of earnest piety, and published several devotional works. He died at Coburg, November 19, 1683.
Johann Benedict Carpzov (1607-1657), fifth son of the first Benedict, was born at Piochlitz in 1607, became professor of theology at Leipsic, made himself known by a Syttcma TJieoloyicum , in two volumes, and died at Leipsic, October 22, 1657, leaving five sons, all of whom attained some literary eminence.
Johann Gottlob Carpzov (1679-1767), grandson of the preceding, was born at Dresden in 1679. He was educated at Wittenberg, Leipsic, and Altdorf, became a learned theologian, and in 1719 was called to the chair of Oriental languages at Leipsic. In 1730 he was appointed superintendent and first pastor at Liibeck. His most important works were the Introductio in libros canonicos bibliorum Vetcris Testamenti, and Critica SO/TO, Y. T. He died at Liibeck, April 7, 1767.
Johann Benedict Carpzov (1720-1803), grandson of the first Johann Benedict, was a distinguished classical scholar. He was born at Leipsic in 1720, became professor of philosophy there in 1747, and in the following year removed to Helmstiidt as professor of poetry and Greek. In 1749 he was named also professor of theology. He was author of various philological works, wrote a dissertation on Mencius, and published an edition of Musseus. He died April 28, 1803.
CARRANZA, Bartolemé de (1503-1576), a Spanish primate and theologian, was born of noble family at Miranda in Navarre, in 1 503. He studied at the university of Alcala, and entered the Dominican order. The only Spaniard who could pretend to rival him in learning was Melchior Canus, and as professor of theology at Yalladolid he gained so brilliant a reputation that students flocked thither from all parts of Spain to hear him. Charles V. selected him as envoy to the Council of Trent (1516). At this council he earnestly maintained that it was the duty of priests to reside in their benefices ; and next year he (1547) followed up this appeal by publishing at Venice De necessaria residential episcoporum et aliorum pastorum. He was also chosen by Charles to accompany to England the prince who afterwards became Philip II., on the visit which he made for the purpose of marrying Mary. Carranza became that queen s confessor, and laboured very zealously for the re-establishment of Pioman Catholicism. In 1557 Philip appointed him to the archbishopric of Toledo, a post he was very reluctant to accept, as he foresaw the jealousy which his promotion would arouse ; and indeed the bishop of Le"rida the very next year denounced him to the Inquisi tion as a heretic, taking as pretext his Commentarios sobre el catechismo Christiana, published that year at Antwerp, though that book was approved by a commission of the Council of Trent. It was placed in the Index Expurga- torius, and Carranza was imprisoned for eight years, after which, on appealing to Rome, he was taken thither and confined (1566-1576) in the castle of St Angelo. In 1576 he received final sentence, being made to abjure opinions which he had never held, suspended from his archbishopric for five years, and banished to the Dominican convent of Minerva. Seven days after this judgment he died. The people of Spain honoured him as a saint, and Gregory XIII. placed a highly laudatory inscription on his tomb. His most famous work, Surnma Conciliorum, first published at Venice in 1546, is of considerable value, and has been frequently reprinted.
Carrara, about 62 miles north-west of Florence, is situated not far from the coast of the Mediterranean, in a deep valley watered by the Avenza. The principal buildings are the collegiate church of St Andrea, the Madonna delle Grazie, and the ex-ducal palace. The town owes its whole importance, as well as its very name, to the quarries in the neighbouring mountains, which from a very early period have been one of the principal sources of statuary marble in the world. They are for the most part situated close to the village of Torano, about a mile distant from the town. Of the 450 quarries at present in full working order, the best are those known as Canal Grande, Poggio. Donzio,
and Palvaccio. The excavation gives employment to about