is defended by the two forts Angelo and San Fernando. Its narrowness, ths shallows at its mouth, and the irregularity of the tides render a pilot necessary for ships passing through it. The roadstead for large vessels is about three miles from the city. A chain of salt-lakes, which open into the Bay of Cartagena to the S.W., and extend towards the Magdalena, in a valley through which that river may at one time have flowed, was taken advantage of by the Spaniards in former times for the construction of a canal. Very little cutting seems to have been necessary, except at Calamar, the point of junction with the river. During the War of Independence the old channel became choked up; it was reopened, however, in 1846, after which the flooding of the valley rendered the channel once more (innavigable, except for barges of light draught. On account of the closing of the Digue, the rival port of Baranguilla has been created, and a great amount of commerce has been transferred to Santa Martha. The rapidly-increasing re quirements of trade in Colombia, and the great superiority of Cartagena as a shipping depot, cannot fail, however, of securing before long the reopening of the route by the Digue. The imports of Cartagena from the United King dom are cotton goods, linen and woollen cloth, crockery- ware, glass, cutlery and hardware. The exports are sugar, tobacco, cuffee, cotton, dividivi and dye woods, ivory-nuts, balsam of Tolu, caoutchouc, cocoa-nuts and fibre, and hides. Most of the cotton is obtained from wild plants, and the export is falling off year by year, as is also that of caoutchouc, from the wasteful cutting down of the india- rubber trees. The cultivation of sugar bids fair to succeed, for the climate and rich soil are adapted for the growth of the cane. The difficulty of obtaining labour has hitherto been a clog on agricultural enterprise in Cartagena. The value of bullion exported from Cartagena on British account in the year ending August 31, 1873, was 6237. The value of the imports was 153,160; the customs revenues, 41,400. There are no duties on exports. The number of vessels which entered the port in 1873 was 50, tonnage 30,637. The population of Cartagena, formerly estimated at 28,000, is now about 9000 only; four-fifths of these are black or coloured people. The town of Cartagena is the chief naval arsenal of New Granada. It was founded in 1533 by Pedro de Heredia ; in 1544 it was seized by the French ; it was taken in 1585 by Sir Francis Drake, and in 1697 by the French, who obtained from it over a million of money. In 1741 Yernon unsuccessfully besieged the town. It was taken by Bolivar in 1815, and sur rendered to the royalists in the same year. Finally, it
was captured by the republicans, September 25, 1821.CARTAGO, an inland town of Costa-Rica, Central America, on a river of the same name, 60 miles from the Gulf of Nicoya. The town suffered severely from an earthquake in 1841, and has since then decreased in commercial importance, while the population has been reduced from about 9000 to 3000 inhabitants. The volcano Cartago, near the town, is 11,480 feet high.
CARTAGO, an inland city of the state of Cauca, in the United States of Colombia, South America, 130 miles north-west of Bogota, and situated on the Viega, an affluent of the Cauca. The inhabitants, numbering about 8000, carry on a considerable trade in horned cattle, fruits, coffee, cocoa, and tobacco. The climate is dry and salubrious, and the surrounding country well cultivated.
CARTE, Thomas (1686–1754), an English historian, was born at Dusmoon, near Clifton, in 1686. He was educated at Oxford, and was first brought into public notice by his controversy with Dr Chandler regarding the Irish massacre, in which he defended Charles I. His attachment to the Stuarts also caused him to remain a non-juror, and on the discovery of the plot of Atterbury, whose secretary he was, he was forced to flee to France. During his residence in that country he collected materials for an English edition of De Thou and Rigault. These papers were purchased by Dr Mead, under whose direction the book was published in a very handsome form. Being recalled to England through the influence of Queen Caroline, he published, in 1738, A General Account of the Necessary Materials for a History of England. The task of collecting these materials he undertook, with the assistance of subscriptions from various sources. The first volume of his history, which is only of value for its vast and careful collection of facts, was published in 1744. By the insertion in it of the statement that the king's evil had been cured by the Pretender, Carte forfeited the favour of most of his patrons. He, however, continued to publish; and the 2d volume appeared in 1750, the 3d in 1752, the 4th in 1755. His papers became the property of the University of Oxford, and were deposited in the Bodleian Library.
CARTER, Elizabeth (1717-1806), a celebrated lady scholar, and translator of the works of Epictetus, was the daughter of the Rev. Dr Carter of Deal in Kent, and was born in that town, December 16, 1717. Her mother, Margaret Swayne of Bere, in Dorset, lost her fortune by investing it in the South Sea Stocks, and died of a decline when Elizabeth was about ten years old. Dr Carter educated his children, boys and girls alike; but Elizabeth s slowness of apprehension tired out his patience, and it was only by great perseverance that she conquered her natural incapacity for learning. She studied late at night and early in the morning, taking snutf and chewing green tea to keep herself awake ; and she so injured her health by this that she suffered throughout her life from severe headaches. Miss Carter learned Greek and Latin from her father, and was specially proficient in Greek, so that Dr Johnson said concerning a celebrated scholar, that he " understood Greek better than any one whom he had ever known except Elizabeth Carter." She learned also Hebrew, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and lastly some Arabic. She studied astronomy, ancient geography, and ancient and modern history. In 1734 some of her verses appeared in the Gentleman s Magazine under the signature " Eliza," Carr the editor being a friend of her father. In 1738 she published a small collection of poems, and next year she translated from the French an attack on Pope s Essay on Man by M. Crousaz. In 1739 appeared her translation from the Italian of Algarotti s Neivtonian- ismo per le Dame, calling it Sir Isaac Newton s Philosophy explained for the use of the Ladies, in six Dialogues on Light and Colours. Her translation of Epictetus was undertaken in 1749 to please her friends Dr Seeker (afterwards arch bishop of Canterbury) and Miss Talbot, to whom the translation was sent, sheet by sheet, as it was done. This work was published by guinea subscription in 1758. In 1762 Miss Carter printed a second collection of poems. Dr Carter, from 1762 to his death in 1774, lived with his daughter in a house at Deal, which she had purchased. Her literary earnings were augmented by an annuity settled on her in 1761 by Sir William Pulteney and his wife, who had inherited the fortune of her old friend Lord Bath; and she had another annuity from Mrs Montagu after that lady had become a widow. Among Miss Carter s friends and correspondents may be mentioned Johnson (whom she came to know through Cave the bookseller in 1737, and who printed one or two of her papers in the Rambler), Bishop Butler, Savage, Horace Walpole, Richardson, Reynolds, Burke, Mrs Montagu, Hannah More, and Mrs Vesey, the hostess of the Bas-Bleus. Miss Carter never married, and lived to the age of eighty-nine. She died in Clarges Street, Piccadilly, 1806 ; and her nephew, the Rev. Montagu Pennington, published her Memoirs in 1808.
