Falkland found himself irretrievably committed to a cause which he could not wholly approve, and to the service of a king whom in his heart he distrusted, though his chivalry forbad him to abandon his cause. On the eve of the Civil War he joined his royal master at York, and having raised a troop of horse, did good service at Edgebill, Oxford, and the sie^e of Gloucester. In the indecisive battle of Newbury (20th September 1643) he fell righting in the front rank of Lord Byron s regiment, with the words " Peace, Peace " upon his lips. Had his life been spared it is possible that he might at least have succeeded in mitigating the rancour of the contending parties. His poems and political writings, published after his death, do not increase a reputation which is based rather upon single- mindedness and patriotic self-devotion than upon his con
tributions to literature.CARYL, Joseph (1602-1673), a learned Nonconformist clergyman, was born in London in 1602. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, and after leaving the university became preacher at Lincoln s Inn. By order of the Parliament he attended Charles I. in Holrnby House, and in 1650 he was sent with Owen to accompany Cromwell to Scotland. After the Restoration he continued to officiate in an Independent congregation in London till his death in 1673. Caryl is now remembered only for his learned but ponderous commentary on Job, originally published in twelve volumes 4 to, afterwards in two huge volumes folio.
CASA, Giovanni Bella (1503-1556), an Italian poet, was born at Mugillo, in Tuscany, in 1503. He studied at Bologna, Florence, and Rome, and by his learning attracted the patronage of Alexander Farnese, who, as Pope Paul III., made him nuncio to Florence, where he received the honour of being elected a member of the celebrated academy, and then to Naples, where his oratorical ability brought him considerable success. His reward was the archbishopric of Benevento, and it was believed that it was only his openly licentious poem, Capitoli del foro, and the fact that the French court seemed to desire his elevation, which prevented him from being raised to a still higher dignity. He died in 1556. Casa is chiefly remarkable as the leader of a reaction in lyric poetry against the uni versal imitation of Petrarch, and as the originator of a style, which, if less soft and elegant, was more nervous and majestic than that which it replaced. His prose writings gained great reputation in their own day, and long after wards, but are disfigured by apparent straining after effect, and by frequent puerility and circumlocution. The principal are in Italian, the famous II Galateo, a treatise on manners, which has been translated into several languages, and, in Latin, De Ojliciis, and translations from Thucydides, Plato, and Aristotle. A complete edition of his works was published at Florence in 1707, to which is prefixed a life by Casotti. The best edition is that of Venice, 1752.
CASA CALENDA, a town of Italy, in the province of Molise and district of Larino, about 18 miles north-east of Campobasso. It is situated in an agricultural district, and trades in silk, wine, and fruits. It is usually identified with the ancient Calela, where Fabius took up his station to watch Hannibal, when the latter established his quarters at Gerumum, now Gerione. Population, 6248.
CASALE, a town of northern Italy, in the north cl the province of Alessandria. It is situated in a plain on the right bank of the Po, 38 miles east from Turin, and at a height of 249 feet above sea-level. Its fortress, founded in 1590, was strengthened and improved in 1849 under the direction of General de la Marmara. The town has been frequently besieged. It was taken from the Spaniards in 1640, and forty-one years later was sold to France by the duke of Mantua. It was taken in- 1695, but was recovered from the allies by the French, Since then, it has been twice retaken by the latter. Casale is the see of a bishop; and its cathedral, a Lombard structure, is said to have been founded in 742. The church of San Domeuico, another fine edifice, consecrated in 1513, contains a monument of remarkably elegant design to the memory of the Pala3o- logi, erected in 1835. Other objects of interest are the churches of S. Atnbrosio and of S. Ilario (once a pagan temple), the town-house, the clock-tower, and the library. The town also contains a college, theatre, and several palaces of the nobility. Some trade is done in fruit, wine, hemp, and the so-called " syrup of Casale." The principal manufacture is that of silk. Population, 27,514.
CASALMAGGIORE, a town of Italy in the province of Cremona, the capital of a circondario. It is situated on the left bank of the Po, and is protected from inundation by excellent embankments. Its public buildings comprise an abbey, a hospital, an orphan asylum, a custom-house, and a theatre ; and its most important industries are the manufacture of glass, pottery, cream of tartar, and leather. It was the scene of a victory of Francesco Sforza over the Venetians in 1448. Population about 4500.
CASALPUSTERLENGO, a town of Italy, in the province of Milan, about 30 miles south-east of that city, on the River Brembiolo. It carries on the manufacture of silk, linen, and earthenware, and is one of the chief seats of the trade in Parmesan cheese. Population, 6207.
18th century, was born at Venice in 1725. His father belonged to an ancient and even noble family, but alienated his friends by embracing the dramatic profession early in life. He made a runaway marriage with Zanetta Farusi, the beautiful daughter of a Venetian shoemaker; and Giovanni was their eldest child. When he was but a year old, his parents, taking a journey to London, left him in charge of his grandmother, who perceiving his precocious and lively intellect, had him educated far above her means. At sixteen he passed his examination and entered the seminary of St Cyprian in Venice, from which he was expelled a short time afterwards for some scandalous and immoral conduct, which would have cost him his liberty, had not his mother managed somehow to procure him a situation in the household of the Cardinal Acquaviva. He made but a short stay, however, in that prelate s establish ment, all restraint being irksome to his wayward disposi tion, and took to travelling. Then began that existence of adventure and intrigue which only ended with his death. He visited Rome, Naples, Corfu, Constantinople, and penetrated even so far as St Petersburg, where he was introduced to Catherine II. By turns journalist, preacher, abbe", diplomatist, he was nothing very long, except homme d, bonnes fortunes, which profession he assiduously culti vated till the end of his days. In 1755 having returned to Venice, he was denounced to the Government as a political spy, and committed to prison. After several fruit less attempts he succeeded in establishing a communication with another prisoner, in whose company he made his escape on the night of the 31st of October 1756. This exploit, afterwards so graphically related by him in a separate volume, and also in his Memoirs, gained him great cele brity. From that day he became a niun of fashion, and recommenced his life of dissolute and profligate adventure. Exhibiting his effrontery and audacity at every court in Europe, he at last made his way through Germany, in which country he was presented to Frederick the Great, into France. Here he became acquainted with Rousseau, Voltaire, and many more notabilities, had interviews with Louis XV., and was almost tenderly intimate with Madame de Pompadour. Handsome, witty, and eloquent, it is not
to be wondered at that su ch a man should have been received