on fruits and herbs, and occasionally on small animals. The Mooruk, or Bennett s Cassowary (Casuarius Bermeltii), is a shorter and more robust bird, approaching in the thickness of its legs to the inoas. It differs further from the preceding species in having its head crowned with a horny plate insteid of a helmet. It has hitherto only been found in New Britain, where the natives are said to regard it with some degree of veneration. When captured by them shortly after being hatched, and reared by the hand, it soon becomes tame and familiar ; all the specimens which have reached Europe alive have been thus domesticated by the natives. The adult bird in the wild state is exceedingly shy and difficult of approach, and, owing to its great fleetness and strength, is rarely if ever caught. It eats voraciously, and, like the ostrich, will swallow whatever comes in its way. It has the curious habit, says Bennett (Gatherings of a Naturalist in Australasia), "of squatting
down on its tarsi like a dog."CASTAGNO, Andrea del (1390-1457), a painter of the Florentine School, was born in 1390, probably at Castagno, in the district of Mugello, and died in August 1457. He imitated Masaccio and the naturalists of his time in boldness of attitude, but was deficient in grace aud colouring. His name has for about four centuries been burdened with the heinous charge of murder ; it was said that he treacherously assassinated his colleague, Domeuico Veneziano, in order to monopolize the then recent secret of oil painting as practised in Flanders by the Van Eycks. This charge is now at last a proved untruth ; Domenico died four years after Andrea. The latter is commonly called "Andrea (or Andreino) degl Impiccati" (of the Hanged Men) ; this was in consequence of his being com missioned in 1435 to paint, in the Palazzo del Podesta in Florence, the fallen leaders of the Peruzzi and Albizzi not (as currently said) the men of the Pazzi conspiracy, an event which did not occur until 1478, long after this painter s death. One of his principal works now extant (most of them have perished) is the equestrian figure of Nicola di Tolentino, in the cathedral of Florence.
CASTALTA, or Fons Castalius, a celebrated fountain in Greece, now called the Fountain of St John, which rises at the foot of Mount Parnassus, in the neighbourhood of Delphi. It was sacred to Apollo and the Muses, and its water was used in the religious purifications of the " Pythian Pilgrims." From its connection with the Muses, it is frequently referred to both by classical and by modern poets as a source of inspiration. For further details see Delphi.
CASTANOS, Don Francisco Xavier de (c. 1756- 1852), duke of Baylen, a Spanish general, who served in the Peninsular War, was born at Madrid. The exact year of his birth is not known, but it was probably about 1756. He was the son of a military officer ; at the age of twelve he had received a commission as captain ; and, while still very young, he was sent to study the art of war at the court of Frederick the Great. His first success was at Baylen, where, on the 22d of July 1808, 18,000 French under Dupont surrendered to him. It is, however, said that the chief credit in this engagement is due to the Swiss, Aloys Reding. In November of the same year, Castanos was defeated at Tudela; and during the rest of the war he occupied subordinate positions. He, however, distinguished himself at Vitoria, and was placed at the head of the army which was sent to assist the Allies in 1815 ; and till his death, which took place on the 24th September 1852, he held a high political position, being senator and guardian to Queen Isabella.
tion on a large scale to which the name Caste has not been applied in a good or in a bad sense. Its Portuguese origin simply suggests the idea of family; but before the word came to be extensively used in modern European languages, it had been for some time identified with the Bralnnauic division of Hindu society into classes. The corresponding Hindu word is varna, or colour, aud the words gati, kula, gotra, pravara, and karana are also used with different shades of meaning. Wherever, therefore, a writer has seen something which reminds him of any part of the extremely indeterminate notion, Indian caste, he has used the word, without regard to any particular age, race, locality, or set of social institutions. Thus Palgrave[1] maintains that the colleges of operatives, which inscriptions prove to have existed in Britain during the Roman period, were practically castes, because by the Theodosian code the son was compelled to follow the father s employment, and marriage into a family involved adoption of the family employment. But these collegia opificum seem to be just the forerunners of the voluntary associations for the regula tion of industry and trade, the Frith-gilds, and Craft- gilds of later times, in which, no doubt, sons had great advantages as apprentices, but which admitted qualified strangers, and for which intermarriage was a matter of social feeling. The history of the formation of guilds shows, in fact, that they were really protests against the authoritative regulation of life from without and above. In the Saxon period, at any rate, there was nothing resembling caste in the strict sense. " The ceorl who had thriven so well as to have five hides of land rose to the rank of a thegn ; his wergild became 1200 shillings; the value of his oath and the penalty of trespass against him increased in proportion ; his descendants in the third gene ration became gesithcund. Nor was the character of the thriving defined ; it might, so far as the terms of the custom went, be either purchase, or inheritance, or the receipt of royal bounty. The successful merchant might also thrive to thegn-right. The thegn himself might also rise to the rank, the estimation, and status of an earl."[2] It has been said that early German history is, as regards this matter, in contrast with English, and that true castes are to be found in the military associations (Genossenschaften) which arose from the older class of Dienstmannen, and in which every member page, squire, or knight must prove his knightly descent ; the Bauernstand, or rural non-military population ; the Biirgerstand, or merchant-class. The ministry of the Roman Catholic Church, was, however, never restricted by blood relation. There is no doubt that at some time or other professions were in most countries hereditary. Thus Prescott[3] tells us that in Peru, notwithstanding the general rule that every man should make himself acquainted with the various arts, " there were certain individuals carefully trained to those occupations which minister to the wants of the more opulent classes. These occupations, like every other calling and office in Peru, always descended from father to son. The division of castes was in this particular as precise as that which existed in Hindustan or Egypt." Again, Zurita[4] says that in Mexico no one could carry on trade except by right of inheritance, or by public permis sion. The Fiji carpenters form a separate caste, and in the Tonga Islands all the trades, except tattoo-markers, barbers, and club-carvers are hereditary, the separate classes being named matabooles, mooas, and tooas. Nothing is more natural than that a father should teach his son his handi craft, especially if there be no organized system of public instruction; it gives the father help at a cheap rate, it is
the easiest introduction to life for the son, and the customs
