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keeps or peels, and depended for their security greatly upon their site. Some of them were situated on precipitous rocks on the sea- coast, such as Fast, Tantallon, Dunot- tar; others on islands in a lake or river, such as Lochleven and Th reave. Edin burgh and Stirling castles, like many others in England and on the Conti nent, illustrate well one of the functions often discharged by fortresses, that of forming a nucleus for

a village or city.

FIG. 3. Machicolations and Battlemented Parapet.

As civilization advanced and the country enjoyed more peace and security, buildings were erected with a greater regard to comfort and elegance, though still retaining many of the features of a fortress, such as the moat, the drawbridge, and the gatehouse. Examples of these castellated mansions are seen in Caistor, Norfolk, and Herstmonceaux, Sussex, erected in the 15th century. But it should not be forgotten that many of the castles of older date were by subsequent repairs, improvements, and adaptations so transformed in course of time as to resemble more modern structures. Castles of recent date are merely imitations of these with some of their features preserved for ornament.

See Grose s Antiquities, King s Manimenta Antiqua, Britton s Architectural Antiquities, Brayley s Ancient Castles of England and Wales, Beattie s Castles and Abbeys of England, Billings s Baro nial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland, M. Viollet-le-Uuc s Dictionnaire de V Architecture, M. de Caumont s Abecedaire ou Rudi ment d 1 Archeologie, and many notices in various architectural and archceological periodicals.

(r. m. k.)

CASTLEBAR, a town of Ireland, the capital of the county of Mayo, situated on the river of the same name, 159 miles west by north of Dublin. It consists chiefly of a main street upwards of half a mile in length and a square in which are the county courts and public offices. It also possesses a jail, an Episcopal church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a lunatic asylum, a county infirmary, a linen hall, artillery and infantry barracks, and a workhouse. There are some breweries, and a considerable trade in linens and agricultural produce. Two newspapers are published in the town. The castle, which gives its name to the town, was a fortress of the De Burgh family ; but the town itself is of more modern origin. In 1641 the castle was held for the Parliament by Sir Henry Bingham, but he was forced to surrender to Lord Mayo, and fell a victim, with all his garrison, to the fury and treachery of the besiegers. The massacre was afterwards avenged, in 1653, by the execution of Sir Theobald Burke (by that time Lord Mayo), who had been in command along with his father at the siege. In 1798 the town was occupied for some weeks by the French under General Humbert, who had defeated the English under Luke J. Hutchison in a conflict which is jocularly styled the " Castlebar Races." Population in 1871, 3508.

CASTLEREAGH, Lord. See Londonderry, Marquis of.

CASTLETOWN (in Manx, Bully Cashtel), the capital of the Isle of Man, and seat of the Manx Government, stands on the western side of Castletown Bay, 11 miles south-west of Douglas, on both banks of the Silverburn. It is neat and regularly built, and has a large square containing some handsome houses. In the centre of the town stands Castle Rushin, which owes its foundation to the Danish chief, Guthred, in 960, and after serving for generations as the residence of the kings of Man, is now partly used as a prison and barracks. In its vicinity is the House of Keys, where the members of the Manx Parliament hold their sessions. The chief educational establishment is King William s College, situated about a mile and a half to the north of the town. It was originally erected about 1830-3; but a complete restoration was rendered necessary by fire in 1844, and it has since been enlarged, in 1862. Castletown also possesses a new town- house, a market-house dating from 1830, and several other public buildings ; there are breweries, limekilns, and corn mills in the town and neighbourhood ; and a small ship ping-trade is maintained. Population in 1871, 2320.

CASTOR AND POLLUX, in Greek and Roman mythology, were twin gods, also known under the name of Dioscuri (AtoWoupoi, from Zeus, At os, Jupiter, and Kovpoi, children) for, according to one myth, they were children of Jupiter and Leda, whose love the god had won under the form of a swan. In some versions Leda is represented as having brought forth two eggs, from one of which were born the mortal babes Castor and Clytae- mnestra, from the other the immortal Pollux or Polydeuces and Helen.. According to others only the latter two were children of Zeus, and in Homer all are said to be children of Leda and Tyudareus, king of Sparta. Ve find also that the Dioscuri were specially reverenced among people of Dorian race, and that they were said to have reigned at Sparta. Mu ller therefore suggests that the myth arose from the apotheosis of certain human Tyn- daridse, round whom gradually collected fables which originally referred to some ancient Peloponnesian deities.

The Dioscuri presided over public games, Castor being the god of equestrian exercise, Pollux the god of boxing ; but both are usually represented on fiery steeds with spears and egg-shaped helmets crowned with stars. They were, besides, tbe patrons of hospitality; their willing and kindly aid was especially sought by travellers; they were $eot o-u>rrj- pes, ever ready to befriend all who paid them due honour. Their most important exploits are their invasion of Attica, to rescue their sister Helen from Theseus ; their share in the hunting of the Calydonian boar, and in the Argonautic expedition, during which they married the daughters of Leucippus ; and, lastly, their battle with the- sons of Aphareus, in which Castor, the mortal, fell by the hand of Idas. Pollux, finding him dead after the battle, implored Jupiter to be allowed to die with him ; but the father of the gods (says Homer) gave his brother life, on condition that both should, on alternate days, descend to Hades. According to another fable, the god marked his approval of their love by placing them together among the stars.

Though their worship was perhaps most carefully ob

served among people of Dorian origin, they were held in no small veneration at Rome. It was the popular belief in that city from an early period that the battle of Lake Regillus had been decided by their interposition. They had fought, it was said, armed and mounted, at the head of the legions of the commonwealth, and had afterwards carried the news of the victory with incredible speed to the city. The well in the Forum at which they alighted was pointed out, and near it rose their ancient temple. A great festival was kept in their honour on the Ides of Quintilis, believed to be the anniversary of the battle, and sumptuous sacrifices were offered to them at the public charge, It was further ordained that a grand muster and inspection of the equestrian body should be part of the ceremonial. All the knights, clad in purple and crowned with olive, were to meet at a temple of Mars in the suburbs. Thence they were to ride in state to the forum, where stood the

temple of the twins. This pageant was during several