at the time of their abandonment by their crews. On the opening of the fire every attempt was made to get them afloat in mid- channel, but most of them remained immovable. "The sick and wounded," says Sir J. AV. Kaye, "were burnt to death or more mercifully suffocated by the smoke ; whilst the stronger women with children in their arms took to the river, to be shot down in the water, to be sabred in the stream by mounted troopers who rode in after them, to be bayoneted on reaching land, or to be made captives and reserved for a later and more cruel immolation." The male prisoners were immediately killed, but of women and children it is computed that 200 were spared for the time by order of the Nana, and conveyed back to Cawupur. Of the boats which got afloat only one succeeded in forcing its way through the swarms of enemies on both banks of the river, and of its occupants only four men, two officers and two privates, survived to relate the story of Cawupur. The rest of the tale is soon told. English troops were being hurried forward by forced marches to the relief of Cawnpur under Major Renaud and General Havelock. On the 12th July they came up with the rebel army at Fathipur, and after a short encounter it could not be called a fight utterly routed it. Another engage ment with a like result took place at Aoung on the loth July, 22 miles from Cawnpur. On this day, the 15th, the IS ana heard of the defeat at Fathipur, and learned that Havelock s little army was in full march upon Cawnpur. Furious at the news, he resolved upon a great final act of butchery. Orders went forth for the massacre of the women and children, the survivors of the dreadful day at the river side. Four or five men who were among the prisoners were first shot in the presence of the Xana, and then the women and children were slashed to death in their prison by Muhammadan butchers from the bazaar, and one or two of the Nona s followers. Their bodies (some, it is said, with life not quite extinct) were thrown into the well which had served as an improvised cemetery during the siege. After this crowning act of infamy Nana Sahib resolved upon making one last stand for Cawnpur, and gave battle to Havelock a few miles south of the city on the 16th July. The fight was more hotly contested than those which had preceded it, but ended in the same result. During the night Nana Sahib fled with the remnant of his army, and the next morning Havelock entered Cawnpur, but too late to save the captives whom he had hoped to rescue. A marble shrine with a statue of the Angel of Peace by Marochetti now covers the well, and the sad scene has been surrounded by a lovely garden. The spot is one of the most pathetic in India, and, to quote the words of the legend round the shrine, will for ever be " Sacred to the per petual memory of a great company of Christian people, chiefly women and children " who lie beneath. A memorial church has also been built in commemoration of the events of the siege.
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CAXAMARCA, or Cajamarca, a city of Peru, capital of a province of the same name, in the department of Truxillo, in r T S. lat. and 78 31 W. long. It is situated on the east side of the Western Andes, in a fertile valley on the Eriznejas, at an elevation of about 9060 feet above sea-level, 72 miles N.X.E. of Truxillo. The streets are regular and wide ; but the houses are mostly built of clay. The principal buildings are the fine parish church, erected at the expense of Charles II. of Spain, the church of San Antonio, the Franciscan monastery, a nunnery, and the remains of the palace of Atahualpa, the last of the Incas of Peru, who was put to death there by the Spaniards in 1533. At a short distance to the east of the town are the deep sulphur springs of Pultamarca, called the Banos del Inca, or Inca s Baths, which have a temperature of 156 Fahr., and are still much frequented. The manufactures of Caxamarca are woollen and linen goods, and steel and silver articles; also biscuits, which are much esteemed. Much trade is carried on with Truxillo ; and a railway connects the town with the port of Pacasmayo. Popula tion, about 12,000.
CAXATAMBO, a town of North Peru, 120 miles N.X.E of Lima, on the western declivity of the Andes, in 9 53 S. and lat. 76 57 W. long. The inhabitants, num bering 6000, are occupied in rearing sheep and cattle, in the cultivation of corn and cochineal and the manufacture of woollen yarn, and in working the silver mines near the town.
CAXTON, William (1422-e. 1491), the introducer of printing into England, was born, as he tells us himself, in " Kent in the Welde." The date of his birth is uncer tain ; Oldys places it in 1412, while his most recent biographer, Mr Blades, shows that it could not have been much later than 1423. The latter, however, fixes upon 1422-3 as the approximate date ; and this appears to be as near correctness as we are likely to attain. 1412 seems too early ; for, by the records of the Mercers Com pany we find that in 1438 William Caxton was apprenticed to Robert Large ; and it is far more likely that he was apprenticed at sixteen than at twenty-six. Robert Large was a man of great wealth and of high position ; in 1430 he was sheriff, and in 1439 he celebrated his election to the office of Lord Mayor with extraordinary splendour ; and the fact that Caxton was apprenticed to a merchant of such distinction makes it nearly certain that he belonged to a family of considerable influence. In 1449 his master died ; and it became the duty of his executors to place Caxton where he could fulfil the term of his apprenticeship. They sent him to Bruges ; at least, we know that he was there soon after. In this town he entered into business on his own account, and prospered so well that before 1450 he was considered substantial security for 110, which would be equivalent to 1000 at the present time ; and eight years later he had become governor of the Company of Merchant Adventurers. Caxton appears to have been a man of considerable polish, and to have had a high repu tation for sagacity; for in 1465, the treaty with the duke of Burgundy concerning the wool trade being about to expire, he was appointed by the king, along with Sir Pdchard Whitehill, to negotiate its renewal ; and this attempt having failed, he was again sent on a similar mission three years later by the Mercers Company, after the marriage of the duke to the sister of King Edward IV. In the next year, which is worthy of note as that in which he com menced his Recuyell des Histoires de Troye, he was con sidered worthy to share in the gift of the "via d honneur," which was presented by the authorities of Bruges only to the most important men in the city. In the autumn of 1470 Caxton obtained, and availed himself of, an excellent opportunity for acquiring favour and influence in the English court ; for Edward IV. had, with his sup porters, been driven into exile, and had taken refuge in Bruges, at the court of his brother-in-law, the duke of Burgundy.
In 1471 Caxton, perhaps because he was beginning to find the duties of the office which he held too severe for his declining strength, or it may be because the interrup tion in the wool trade to which we have referred had diminished his fortune, entered the service of the duchess of Burgundy, from whom he received a yearly pension. At her command he continued the Itecuyell, which was finished in September of that year.
About this time Caxton learned the art of printing. Wynkyn de Worde, his disciple, says that he was taught at Cologne by Ulric Zell ; but Worde is often inaccurate, and he seems rather to have had Colard Mansion as his master. That printer was at Bruges; what need then for Caxton to go to Cologne 1 Besides Caxton s types are more like Mansion s than Zell s ; and, indeed, it was long before he adopted the improvements which the latter introduced.
At what date Caxton brought his press to England and set it up at Westminster is quite uncertain. It was pro bably between 1471 and 1477. 1474 is the date of the Game and Playe of Chtsse ; but the tradition that this work was printed in England may not be correct. He received valuable patronage, being employed by Edward IV., Richard III., and Henry VII., by the duchess of Somerset, the earl of Arundel, Sir John Fastolf, and other nobles ; and he appears to have been busy writing and printing up to his death, which occurred about 1492.
