about 200 Mahometan priests, most of whom can neither read nor write. The capital is a large and flourish ing town with considerable trade ; it has a Dutch garrison and fort, and a Christian school. The rivers and lake furnish abundance of fish, and almost every house has a pond attached for keeping those captured alive. Limbotto, a small state of about 6000 inhabitants, since 1865 under Dutch direction, is chiefly noticeable for the Bay of Kwandang and the gold-mines of Limbotto, Bulatu, and Sulametfca. Muton possesses several gold-mines. The village of that name lies in 23 N. lat. and 121 30 18" E. long. Along the northern coast to the north of Muton lie the states of Palele, Bwool, and Tontoli, of which the second is the most important, being traversed by one of the largest rivers in the island, and possessing valuable gold-mines and great numbers of sago-palms. The composition of its population in 1870 was (according to J. G. F. Riedel in the Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde, 1874) 4229 natives, 726 from Gorontalo and Limbotto, 466 from Kayeli, 230 Buginese, 84 Tontoli, 38 Mandharese, and 22 Arabs. Tontoli was formerly the resort of pirates, but in 1822 it was cleared
by Captain De Man.Along the south side of the Bay of Gorontalo stretches the country of Parigi from Amphibabu to the River Dulagu. It has a very fertile territory, and a considerable trade is carried on with Palos and Dongala, the districts on Tomini Bay, and Singapore. The exports are gold, horses, cocoa- nuts, bananas, and a kind of resin called damar. Parigi recognized the Dutch supremacy in 1850, but has pre served its autonomy, and is governed by a prince and SDveral chiefs. The principal village is Parigi di Atas.
On ths west coast of the island, and forming as it were the nucleus from which the peninsulas spring, lie the districts of Dongala, Palos, and Kayeli. Dongala is situated on the Bay of Palos, and is governed by a rajah who recognized Dutch supremacy in 1824. Palos is governed by an independent chief, and is in a flourishing condition. The town is situated in 57 S. lat. and 119 34 E. long., and is connected by road with Parigi and Boni. Its inhabitants carry on an active trade both by sea and land. The kingdom of Kayeli was at one time under the sultan of Ternate, passed by conquest to the people of Macassar, was restored to the sultan by the treaty of Bonga, and was by him presented to the Dutch, whose authority was only recognized in 1854. The soil is well fitted for cultivation, and yields coffee and cocoa-nuts for export. The kingdom of Mandhar lies further south, and is governed by seven chiefs, who take their titles from the seven principal rivers, and till 1854 recognized the supremacy of Boni. The in habitants speak a distinct language. Those on the coast are nominal Mahometans, those inland are still pagan. They are active traders, and take voyages to Java, Bencoolen, Malacca, Singapore, and Manilla. Toradja, which lies further inland, is possessed by a wild pagan race, who keep themselves apart from all intercourse, and are gener ally regarded as the original inhabitants of the island.
Celebes was first discovered by the Portuguese in the early part of the 16th century, the exact date assigned by some authorities being 1512. The name does not appear to be of native origin, and the plural form is probably due to the belief that the different peninsulas r ere so many separate islands. At the time of the Portuguese discovery, the Macassars were the most powerful people in the island, having successfully defended them selves against the king of the Moluccas and the sultan of Tsrnate. In 1609 the English attempted to gain a footing. At what time the Dutch first arrived is not certainly known, but it was very probably in the end of the 16th or beginning of the 17th century, since in 1607 they formed a connection with Macassar. In the year 1611 the Dutch East Indian Company obtained the monopoly of trade on the Island of Buton ; and in 1618 an insurrection in Macassar gave them an opportunity of obtaining a definite establishment there. In 1660 the kingdom was finally subjugated by Van Dam and Truit- man, with a fleet of 33 ships and a force of 2700 men. In 1666 the war broke out anew ; but it was brought to an end by Speelman in the following year, and the treaty of Bonga or Banga was signed, by which the Dutch were recognized as the protectors and mediators of the different states who were parties to the treaty. In 1683 the north eastern part of the island was conquered by Robert Paddenburg, and placed under the command of the governor of the Moluccas. In 1703 a fort was erected at Manado. The kingdom of Boni was successfully attacked by Van Geen in 1824, and in August of that year the Bonga treaty was renewed in a greatly modified form. Since then the principal military event is the Boni insur rection, which was quelled in 1859. With the exception of Manado, the Dutch settlements in Celebes have not been financially successful ; but as the resources of the country are developed it will, doubtless, become a very valuable possession.
In Veth's PPoordenboek van ffederlandsch Indie there will be found an extensive bibliography of Celebes drawn up by II. C. Millies. Besides the well-known works of Yalentyn, Stavorinus, Raffles, and Crawfurd, it will be sufficient to mention Van den Bosch, Ncdcrland- sclie Bczittingen in Azict, &c., 1818 ; Vincent, "Notice sur 1 isle de Celebes," in Journ. dcs Voyages, 1826; Olivier s Rcizen, 1834; Reinwardt s Rcis naar lid Oustelijk gcdcelte van den Ned. Archipcl. in 1821, 1858 ; Van dor Hart, Reize random hot Eiland Celebes, 18f>3 ; Samuel "White, Account of the last rebellion at Macassar, 1C87 ; Stubenvoll s Translation of History of the Island of Celebes, by Mr R. Blok, Gov. of Macassar, 1817 ; Cant. R. Mundy, Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes, 1848; Ed. Dulaurier, Code Maritime dcs Royaumcs Manykassar et Bougui, 1845 ; Wallace, Malay Archi pelago, 1869; Bickmore, East Indian Archipelago, 1868; Veth s Ecn Ncderlandsch reiziger cp Zuid Celebes, 1875; Riedel s Het landschap Bocool, Noord Sclcbes, 1872; the same writer s " I>ie landschaften Holontalo, Limoeto, " &c. in the Zeitschr. fur Eth nologic, 1871; Beccari s "Viaggio"in Guido Cora s Cosmos for 1874-6.
(h. a. w.)
CELERY (Apium graveolens), a biennial plant belong ing to the Natural Order Umbelliferce, which, in its native condition, is known in England as smallage. In its wild state it is common by the sides of ditches and in marshy places, especially near the sea, producing a furrowed stalk and wedge-shaped leaves, the whole plant having a coarse, rank taste, and a peculiar smell. By cultivation and blanching the stalks lose their acrid qualities and assume the rnild sweetish aromatic taste peculiar to celery as a salad plant, The plants are raised from seed, sown either in a hot bed or in the open garden, according to the season of the year, and after one or two thinnings out and transplantings, they are, on attaining a height of 6 or 8 inches, planted out in deep trenches for convenience of blanching, which is effected by earthing up and so excluding the stems from the influence of light. A large number of varieties are cultivated by gardeners, which are ranged under two classes, white and red, the white varieties being generally the best flavoured, and most crisp and tender. As a salad plant, celery, especially if at all " stringy," is difficult of digestion, but it possesses valuable diuretic properties. Both blanched and green it is stewed and used in soups, the seeds also being used as a flavouring ingredient. In the south of Europe celery is seldom blanched, but is much used in its natural condition. Celeriacis a variety of celery cultivated more on account of its roots than for the stalks, although both are edible and are used for salads and in soups. It is chiefly grown in the north of Europe, and is not in much request in Great Britain.
