of two distinct portions known as Chaumont and Bourg, each with its own fortifications. It is the seat of a court of primary instance, and possesses the ruins of a magnificent castle, a hospital, a town-house, a communal college, a public library, and some fine promenades. The church of St Vorle dates from the l 2th century, and contains a number of frescoes included among the historic monuments of France. Marshal Marmont, duke of Ragusa, who was born in the town in 1774, has left a memento in the shape of a handsome chateau. A considerable trade is maintained by Chatillon in timber, wool, leather, and lithographic stones; and it has cloth-factories, paper-mills, foundries, flour-mills, and various other industrial establishments. The origin of the town probably dates from the 5th century. For several centuries it was a favourite residence of the dukes of Burgundy. In modern times it is mainly remarkable for the conference held, in February 1814, between Napoleon and the Allies, in which the former rejected the proposal that he should rule over the France
of pre-Revolutionary limits. Population in 1872, 4691.CHATSWORTH, the seat of the duke of Devonshire, one of the most splendid private residences in England, is situated in Derbyshire, on the River Derwent, 3^ miles north-east of the village of Bakewell, and 8 miles west of the town of Chesterfield. It stands on the left bank of the river, opposite the hamlet of Edensor, and as seen from the west presents a magnificent fagade in fine relief against the wooded ridge of Bunker s Hill. The building is in the Ionic style, and the principal part is composed of four nearly equal sides, surrounding an open quadrangular court with a fountain in the centre. A wing and other somewhat extensive additions have been made since 1820. Chatsworth contains some beautiful wood carvings by Gibbons and Watson, several pieces of sculpture by Canova, Thorwaldsen, Chantrey, and Wyatt, and a unique collection of original drawings by Titian, Rubens, Salvator Rosa, Raphael, Claude Lorraine, and others of the older masters. The park is upwards of 1 1 miles in circuit ; the gardens are among the most celebrated in the kingdom, and cover an area of twelve acres. The grand conservatory, an acre in extent, erected by Sir Joseph Paxton, is un equalled by any in Europe ; and the waterworks, which include one fountain with a jet 260 feet high, are only surpassed by those of Versailles. The domain of Chatsworth is mentioned in Domesday Boole as Chetesvorde. In the 16th century ib was purchased by Sir William Caven dish. The mansion which he erected afterwards served as a place of confinement for Mary Queen of Scots from 1570 to 1581. It has entirely disappeared; and the present building was commenced in 1688 by the first duke of Devonshire and was completed in 1840 by the seventh.
CHATTANOOGA, a city of the United States, in the county of Hamilton, Tennessee, about 250 miles by water from Knoxville, at the foot of Lookout Mountain, on the left bank of the Tennessee river, which is navigable for steamers during eight months of the year. It has free communica tion by four railway lines, and carries on a pretty extensive trade in the produce of the surrounding district, which is well supplied with timber, iron-ore, and coal. Among its industrial establishments are saw-mills and wood-work factories. In 1862 and 1863 the Confederates were defeated here by the Federal forces under General Grant. Population in 1870, 6093, of whom 2221 were coloured.
CHATTERTON, Thomas (1752-1770), Among the poets of the 18th century, Thomas Chatterton occupies a place altogether unique. He indeed claims scarcely less the interest of the psychologist as a marvellous example of matured intellectual precocity, than that of the student of English literature as a poet remarkable in an age of varied literary excellence. Fully to estimate the characteristics in which Chatterton stands out with such exceptional prominence, it has to be kept constantly in view that he was a posthumous child, the son of a poor widow, self- taught in all but the merest rudiments of education acquired at a charity school ; that, so far from receiving encourage ment, he was thwarted at every step in his strange, brief career; and that he was buried by strangers, in a pauper s grave, when only seventeen years of age.
Born though Chatterton was in a humble rank of life, his pedigree has a curious significance. The office of sexton of St Mary Redcliffe, at Bristol, one of the most beautiful specimens of parochial church architecture in England, had been transmitted for nearly two centuries in the Chatterton family ; and throughout the brief life of the poet it was held by his uncle, Richard Phillips. The poet s father the first of the Chattertons who aspired to a position requiring education and natural ability was a musical genius, somewhat of a poet, an antiquary, and a dabbler in occult arts. He was one of the subchanters of Bristol Cathedral, and master of the Pyle Street Free School in the vicinity of Redcliffe church. But whatever hereditary tendencies may have been transmitted from the father, the sole training of the boy necessarily devolved on his mother, who was in the fourth month of her widowhood at the time of his birth (20th November 1752).
The young widow established a girl s school, took in sewing and ornamental needlework, and so brought up her two children, a girl and boy, till the latter attained his eighth year, when he was admitted to Colston s Charity. But the Bristol blue-coat school had little share in the education of its marvellous pupil. The hereditary race of sextons had come to regard the church of St Mary Redcliffe as their own peculiar domain ; and, under the guidance of his uncle, the orphan child found there his favourite haunt. The knights, ecclesiastics, and civic dignitaries, recumbent on its altar tombs, became his familiar associates ; and by and by, when he was able to spell his way through the inscriptions graven on their monuments, he found a fresh interest in certain quaint oaken chests in the muniment room over the porch on the north side of the nave, where parchment deeds, old as the Wars of the Roses, long lay unheeded and forgotten. His father, the schoolmaster, had already made free with them for wrappers to his copy books ; his mother turned them to account for thread papers and patterns ; and they formed the child s playthings almost from his cradle. He learned his first letters from the illuminated capitals of an old musical folio, and turned to account deeds and charters of the Henrys and Edwards as his primers. Wayward, as it seems, almost from his earliest years, and manifesting no sympathy with the ordinary pastimes of children, he was regarded for a time as deficient in intellect. But he was even then ambitious of distinction. One of his sister s earliest recollections of him was his thirst for pre-eminence. He was confident in his own resources, and while still little more than a child was wont to say that a man might do anything he chose. But from his earliest years he was liable to fits of abstrac tion, sitting for hours in seeming stupor, or yielding after a time to tears, for which he would assign no reason. He had no one near him to sympathize in the strange world of fancy which his imagination had already called into being, or to feel any interest in the wonderful productions of his pen, which ere long were the fruits of such musings.
with the suspicions which his incomprehensible love of solitude excited, helped to foster his natural reserve, and beget that love of mystery which exercised so great an influence on the development of his genius. When the strange child had attained his sixth year his mother began
to recognize his capacity; at eight he was so eager for