HYDROCARBONS.] CHEMISTRY 561 AROMATIC OR BENZENE SERIES. Names. Formulae. Boiling-points C 7 H 8 C 8 H 10 C..H... C U H 16 - Benzene P TT 81 C. 111 133 140 -141 137 -138 139 157 151 159 166 163 159 -161 178 -179 176 -178 183 -184 178 -179 189 -191 193 178 188 213 233 Methylbenzene or toluene C.HJCH,) Ethylbenzene ( Orthoxylene Dimethyl-benzenes or xylenes < Metaxvlene C 6 (CH 3 )H(CH.,)H S ( Paraxylene C 6 (CH 3 )H 2 (CH 3 )H a [Propylbenzene Pseudopropylbenzene p 6 TT PTTCPTT 1 Methyl-ethylbenzene CJL(CH*)(C.H) m i.v H Pseudocumene .. C K (CH,)H(CH,UH L Tnmethylbenzenes j Mesitylene C 6 (CH 3 )H(CH 3 )H(CH 3 )H ... C 6 H 5 . C 2 H 3 (CH 3 ) 2 C R H,(CH,)(CoH 7 ) f Isobutyl benzene Methyl-propylbenzene Methyl-pseudopropylbenzene or a cymene Dimethyl-ethylbenzene Diethylbeiizene .. C 6 H 3 (C H } 2 >. Tetramethylbenzene or durene p 6 TT 4 /pTT ? Isoamylbenzene Methyl-diethylbenzene or diethyl-toluene Dimethyl-pseudopropylbenzene or laurene Methyl-isoamyl benzene CH<(CH,) C,H,(CH,) Dimethvl-isoamvlbenzene . . P^TT^PTT.L P_TT.(PH.,L Other hydrocarbons compounded of benzene residues arid C, 1 H 2n _ 1 , <fcc., radicles are known. Dipropargyl, C 6 H 6 (b.p. 85 C.), is a substance isomeric with benzene, having the formula HC C (CH 2 ) 2 C = CH. The hydrocarbons of the benzene series are all colourless liquids (durene is solid), having peculiar and characteristic odours. By the action of oxidizing agents aromatic hydrocarbons of the general formula C c H 6 _ m (C n H 2n+1 ) m are ultimately converted into acids of the general form C 6 H _ m (COOH) 1B . Nitric acid gives rise to the formation of nitro-derivatives C n H 2n _ (6+m) (N0 2 ) m . Sulphuric acid (concentrated) forms sulphonic adds C n H. 7n _ (6+m) (HSO 3 ) m . The halogens pro duce substitution derivatives C n H 2n _ (6+m) //a M , the parti cular metameric modification formed being often deter mined by the temperature at which the halogen is made to act. Benzene, toluene, &c., are formed by heating their corresponding acids with lime : C n H 2n _ ^(COOH) - CO 2 = C n H 2n _ 6 . The remaining series of hydrocarbons are as follows : Names. Formulae. Phenylene . . Cinnamene or styrolene Allylbenzene = C 6 H. 5 C 2 H 3 Phenylbutene C 9 H 10 Tetrahydronaphthalene p TT TT v - / 10 ra 8 lX1 4 C,,H., n - 10 . Ethinylbenzene or acet- ) enylbenzene C 8 H 6 = C 6 H 5 .C 2 H Dihydronaphthalene P TT Cholesterene P H Naphthalene C 10 H 8 Methylnaphthalene p TT pTT Ethylnaphthalene C n TT 10 Hexa-hydroanthracene Diphenyl P TT Acenaphthene Diphenyl-methane Dibenzyl or diphenyl ethane Ditolyl Phenyl-tolyl-methane or ) Benzvltoluene , ( ^HU TT p ) ^6^5 - I C HCCH ) Names. Formulae. Benzyl-ethyl-benzene Ci 5 H 16 = ^eHg. CH 2 . C 6 H 4 . C 2 H 5 ^15^16 CgHg. LH 2 . C 6 H 3 (CH 3 ) 2 P TT TT O j 6 2(^-^-3)3 ^19^24 -l a O| C 6 H 2 (CH 3 ), Benzvl-xylenes Dimesityl methane C,,H 2n _ 16 . Fluorene Stilbene or diphenyl-ethene Dihydro-anthracene ^14^12 = C 2 H 2 (C fi H 5 ) 2 Ci 4 H 12 = Ci 4 H 10 .H 2 ^16 H 16 = C 16 H 10 . H 6 Hexa-hydropyrene CnH 2n _ 18 . Anthracenes HQ-C 6 H 4 C 14 H 10 - 1 X HC C 6 H 4 HC C 6 H 4 p TT II 1 ^u 11 HC C 6 H 4 C C 6 H 5
- C 6 H 5
^i6H 14 = C 14 H 8 (CH a ) 2 CisHjs C 14 H 6 (CH 3 ) 4 Phenanthrene Tolane or Diphenyl-ethine Dimethyl-anthracene Tetramethyl-anthracene ) or Eetene j
- -il2 n 20 -
Naphthyl-phenyl methane . . ^u = H 2 CJg.H| 7 L n H 2 n 22 Pyrene CisHxo = C 10 H 6 (C 6 H 4 ) ^16 "10 = ^4^6"5/2 Ci8H 14 = C 6 H 4 (C 6 H 5 )j Ci9H 16 = CH(C 6 H 5 ) 3 Diphenyl-diethine or di- ) acetenyl-benzene j Diphenyl-benzene Triphenylmethane Chrysene C 18 H n C n H 2 n 26 Dinaphthyl C 2 oHi 4 = C 10 H 7 . C 10 H 7 Lniljn 35 . Idrialene ^22^*14 C 24 H 18 = C 6 H 3 (C 6 H 5 ) 3 Triphenyl-benzene Tetraphenyl-ethene ^26^20 = C 2 (C 6 H 5 ) 4 The hydrocarbons benzene (C 6 H 6 ), naphthalene (C 10 H g ), anthracene (C U H 10 ), chrysene (C 18 H 12 ), and idrialeue
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