is infused in an urn-shaped cup from which it is sucked up through
a small silver tube (bombilla).The commercial intercourse of Chili is most extensive with Great Britain. The value of the Chilian exports to England averages annually 3,700,000, and the imports from England 3,900,000. The exports to France are about one-third of those to England, and the imports from France about one-fifth of those from England. Next follow Germany, Peru, the United States, Bolivia, Brazil, and the Argentine Republic.
Chili exports and imports both, by sea and by the passes in the Cordillera. Mules do the land traffic, and formerly only sailing vessels the traffic by sea; but steamers are now taking their place. The value of the imports by land averages 198,000, and the exports 23,000 ; and the value of the imports by sea averages 9,802,000, and the exports 9,700,000, which in both cases includes goods i u transit. Of the land imports the most valuable article is cattle, which are imported in large herds into the provinces of Coquimbo and Atacama from the Argentine Republic. The number of vessels that leave the ports of Chili averages 5900, with about 4,019,000 tons; and 5950 enter the ports, with about 4,059,880 tons. Of the total amount three-eighths are English and about the same Chilian, then follow the United States, French, German, Peruvian, Belgian, Dutch, and Portuguese vessels. The merchant navy of Chili in 1875 consisted of 28 steamers with 9880 metric tons, and 59 sailing vessels with 12,554 metric tons. Many small vessels, however, owned in Chili, have remained under the foreign Hags to which they were transferred for safety during the last war with Spain.
Revenue.—The annual income of Chili may be estimated at 3,550,000, and the expenditure at sometimes a little less and some times a little more. The chief source of revenue is the custom house, which yields about half of the whole amount. Next in importance are the railways, yielding about a quarter of the whole ; and after these, the monopoly of tobacco and cards, the land tax, trade licences, stamps, tolls, the mint, post-office, and telegraphs.
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Expenditure. The Ministry of the Interior, . . . 1,018,750 The Ministry of the Exterior Section Foreign Relations, 19,409 Section Colonization, . 31,071 The Ministry of Justice, Worship, and Public Instruction Section Justice, . . 117,569 Section Worship, . . 63,425 Section Public Instruction, 236,156 50,480 Carry forward, 417,150 1,486,380 Brought forward, The Ministry of War Section The Army, . . 326,908 Section The National Guard, 83,861 Section The Navy, . . 234,703 The Ministry of the Exchequer (Hacienda), 1,486,580 645,472 1,305,162 3,437,014
National Debt.—The national debt amounts to about 10,000,000 National sterling, of which about 2,000,000 is of internal and 8,000,000 Dellt of external debt. The whole of the latter has been contracted in England, and the bulk of it invested in existing railways and rail ways in construction, which yield both directly and indirectly a fair return. The wanton bombardment of Valparaiso by the Spanish fleet (March 31, 1866) having suggested to the Chilians the necessity of providing .against such outrages, they have spent a great deal of money in the purchase of ironclads and in the construc tion of forts, besides having had to rebuild the bonded warehouses destroyed at that time. A large sum has also been spent on the House of Congress, which is being built on an ambitious scale.
Communication.—Chili is connected with Europe by telegraph, and the wires ramify over the greater part of the country. Santiago and Valparaiso and all the most important towns south ward as far as Talcahuauo, are connected by rail. In the northern pro vinces are also railways, which facilitate the working of the mines.
On the 15th of October 1840, the first steamers of the Paciiic Steam Navigation Company arrived at Valparaiso, the "Peru" (Captain Peacock) and the "Chili " (Captain Glover), both 700 tons. At first they sailed merely between Valparaiso and Callao, calling at the intermediate ports. In June 1846, the route was extended by Panama and the Isthmus to Europe. On the 13th of May 1868 the Company commenced their line between Liverpool and Chili by the Straits of Magellan, the first of their steamers which made the voyage being the " Pacific," 1174 tons.
Weights, Measures, and Money.—The weights and measures Weights, were formerly Spanish, but since January 1858 those of France are measures, in force as the only legal ones. and money.
In her monetary system Chili possesses the double standard, gold and silver, the coins being as follows : Of gold, a ten-dollar piece, weighing 15 "253 grammes, and pieces of five and two dollars in proportion ; of silver, a dollar piece of 25 grammes, and pieces of fifty, twenty, ten, and five cents in proportion ; and also two- cent pieces, and cent-pieces of a bronze containing zinc and nickel.
The gold and larger silver coins contain one-tenth of alloy ; the smaller silver ones, which are of limited legal tender, are rather less pure. The bronze tokens, the emission of which has been limited to a value of about 20,000, replace the former coinage of copper. There is no Government paper ; but some of the banks issue, under due restrictions, notes payable in coin.
CHILIAN, a town of Chili, the capital of the province of Nuble, in a depression in the fertile plain between the rivers Nuble and Chilian, about 120 miles north-east of Concepcion, in 35 56 S. lat. and 71 37 W. long. The houses, with but few exceptions, consist of only a ground floor built round a rectangular court, and are constructed of sun-dried or baked bricks. The streets are about 22 yards wide and have open drains in the middle. The importance of the town consists in its being the centre of a large agricultural district of the greatest productiveness, which has a valuable outlet for its grain and cattle by means of the railway to Tome Hand-made lace is produced on designs which have become traditional in certain families. The district is also celebrated for its mineral baths. Chil ian was originally founded by Ruiz de Gamboa in 1594, but it has since been frequently destroyed and rebuilt. In 1601 it was laid waste by the Moluche Indians, in 1657 by the Puelche Indians and an earthquake, by another earthquake in 1751, and in 1797 by the overflow of the River Nuble. This last catastrophe led the inhabitants to remove their city to a place called La Horca, where it was again levelled by the earthquake of 1835. Next year they began to build on the present site the now prosperous town, which has a population of 20,000.
CHILLIANWALLA, a town of British India in the Punjab, situated on the left bank of the River Jhelum, about 85 miles north-west of Lahore, in 32 40 N. lat. and 73 39 E. long. It is memorable as the scene of a sanguinary battle fought there on the 13th January 1849, between a British force commanded by Lord Gough and the Sikh army under Shere Singh. The loss of the British in killed and wounded amounted to 2269, of whom nearly 1000 were Europeans, while that of the Sikhs was estimated at 4000. An obelisk erected at Chillianwalla by the British Government preserves the names of the officers and men who fell in the action.
CHILLICOTHE, a city of the United States, capital of the county of Ross in Ohio, on the west bank of the River Scioto, 45 miles south of Columbus. It is beautifully situated in the midst of a rich agricultural district, and has extensive communication by means of the Ohio and Erie canal, and several railway lines. Its public buildings, many of which are an ornament to the town, comprise a large court-house, which cost over $100,000, fourteen churches, and thirty-six public schools ; and among its industrial establishments are carriage-factories, flour and paper mills, an iron foundry, and a manufactory of agricultural implements. Chillicothe was founded in 1796 by immigrants from Virginia and Kentucky, and from 1800 to 1810 it was the capital of the State. Population in 1870, 8920.
