tures of Wilkes and his friend. In 1763 appeared The Conference, a second apology ; The Duellists, three books of loose octosyllabics, called forth by the duel between Wilkes and Martin ; and The Author, a satire of more general scope. These were followed in 1764 by Gotham, another piece of indiscriminate censure ; by The Candidate, an attack on Lord Sandwich ; by The Times, the last of Churchill s successes ; and by The Fareivell and Independ ence, which are worth little except as proofs of their author s decay. In the October of the same year he accompanied Humphrey Cotes to Boulogne, where Wilkes was then in exile, and died there of fever in a few days. He left some property, the proceeds of his writings, and bequeathed the editorship of his poems, with the material for illustrations and notes, to John Wilkes, who contrived to elude the
bequest.Churchill was a literary bravo, a man who liked broils and beating, and who was at the same time not indifferent to the rewards earned by the conflict. His satires are gene rally rough and loose in texture, disjointed in structure, and insolent in tone. They are full of good metal, it is true, but the ore lies heaped over with too much schist to repay research. His extreme facility of composition is perhaps a reason for this, as it is a reason why, writing from day to day, he should have gained and kept the public favour. Cowper praised him, but at best he was but an admirer and imitator of Dryden.
See Churchill s Complete Works, London, 1774, 3 vols. The Lest edition of the poems is that of Tooko, London, 1804, 2 vols., which has been reprinted (1844) in the Aldine Poets.
CHURCHILL, John, first duke of Marlborough. See Marlborough.
CHURCHYARD, Thomas (1520-1604), "the Nestor of the Elizabethan heroes," was born at Shrewsbury in 1520, and was educated at Oxford. At seventeen he went to court, where he roistered through such money as he had. lie then became attached to the earl of Surrey, applying himself during his three or four years of service to books, music, and the practice of poetry. He served his first campaign in Flanders (1542-1544) against the French, and his second (1547) in Scotland. He fought at Pinkie, but was captured next year at St Monance, and did not return to England till 1550. A tract called David Dicar s Dream, written at this time, not only involved Churchyard in a fierce quarrel with a contemporary scribbler, but brought down on him the censure of the Privy Council ; he only escaped the pillory through the interest of his patron, the duke of Somerset. A third campaign took him to Ireland, whence he returned in 1552. Having been unsuccessful in a love suit, he once more betook himself to the Continent, to serve his fourth campaign, at Metz and elsewhere, under the great emperor. His absence extended over three years. On his return he began writing harder than ever, dedicating two of his works to Queen Mary. The war with France made him a lieutenant in the English army, and at Guines he acted as mediator between the besieged and the besiegers. He next addressed a poetical appeal to Elizabeth ; lie got nothing, however, but fair words, and had to write his Tragedie of Lord Moivbray, a contribution to the Mirrour for Magistrates. He fought at the leaguer of Leith in 1560 ; he again attempted fortune as a courtier ; and he went off to Ireland, campaigning under Henry Sidney. In 1566 he wandered to Antwerp, where he headed a great force of religious partizans; but he speedily had to fly the country by reason, he says, of his extreme moderation. Next year he went back as one of Oxford s agents, returning to England in 1569, when he married. In 1593, after another journey to Scotland, where he witnessed Morton s execution, Elizabeth gave him a pension ; and eleven years later, immediately after the publication of his last work, the Blessed Balm to Search and Salve ^edition, he died. Churchyard seems to have been an active, garru lous, and cheerful adventurer. Strype praises him as a good soldier and poet and a man of honest principles. Of his multifarious publications the Legend of Jane Shore is most highly esteemed, while the Worthinesse of Wales (1587) and Churchyard s Chippes (1575) have been reprinted, the former in 1776, the latter, by Mr Chalmers, in 1817. See D Israeli, Calamities of Authors, and Minto, Characteristics of English Poets.
CHUSAN, the principal island of a group situated off the eastern coast of China, in 30° N. lat. and 122° E. long., and belonging to the province of Che-keang. It lies N.W. and S.E., and has a circumference of 51 miles, the extreme length being 20, the extreme breadth 10, and the minimum breadth 6 miles. The island is beautifully diversified with hill and dale, and well watered with numerous small streams, of which the most considerable is the Tungkeang, falling into the harbour of Tinghae. Most of the surface is capable of cultivation, and nineteen-twentieths of the inhabitants are engaged in agriculture. Wherever it is possible to rear rice every other product is neglected; yet the quantity produced is not sufficient for the wants of the inhabitants. Millet, wheat, sweet potatoes, yams, and tares are also grown. The tea plant is found almost everywhere, and the cotton plant is largely cultivated near the sea. The capital, Tinghae, stands about half a mile from the southern shore, and is surrounded by a wall nearly three miles in circuit. The ditch outside the wall is interrupted on the N.W. side by a spur from a neighbouring hill, which projects into the town, and forms an easy access to an attacking force. The town is traversed by canals, and the harbour, which has from 4 to 8 fathoms water, is land-locked by several islands. Temple (or Joss-house) Hill, which commands the town and harbour, is 122 feet high close to the beach. The population of the town and suburbs of Tinghae, which at the commencement of 1843 was about 27,500, had increased in 1846 to above 35,000. The population of the entire island is estimated at 250,000, of which the capital contains about 40,000. Chusan has but few manufactures; the chief are coarse cotton stuffs and agricultural implements. There are salt works on the coast; and the fisheries employ a number of the inhabitants. In Tinghae a considerable business is carried on in carving and varnishing, and its silver wares are in high repute. The principal exports are fish, coarse black tea, cotton, vegetable tallow, sweet potatoes, and some wheat. Chusan was occupied by the Japanese during the Ming dynasty, and served as an important commercial entrepôt. It was taken by the British forces in 1840 and 1841, and retained till 1846 as a guarantee for the fulfilment of the stipulations of the treaty. It was also occupied by the English in 1860. See plan in Jour. of Royal Geogr. Soc., 1853.
missionership of British India, under the lieutenant- governor of Bengal, comprising the districts of HazariMgh, Loharddga, Manbhum, and Sinhbhum, and the seven tributary states which constitute the South- West Frontier Agency, lies between 21 and 25 N. lat. and 82 and 87 E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the province of Behar, E. by the Bengal districts of Bdnkura and Midnapur, S. by the Orissa Tributary States and the Central Provinces, and W. by the independent state of Rewa. Of its area of 43,901 square miles a large portion is occupied by hills and jungle, and the population is very sparse. The most important peak, Paresn4th, with its Jaina temples, has a height of 4400 feet. The Chutid Nagpur plateau is an offshoot of the great Vindhyan range, and its mean elevation is upwards of 2000 feet above the sea level. In the W. it
rises to 3600 feet, and to the E. and S. its lower steppe,