cousin at Rome), though invited to execute paintings in all parts of the country. He died in 1619, and was interred in the church of St Mary Magdalene. The works of Lodovico are numerous in the chapels of Bologna. The most famous are The Madonna standing on the moon, with St .Francis and St Jerome beside her, attended by a retinue of angels ; John the Baptist, St Jerome, St Benedict, and St Cecilia ; and the Limbo of the Fathers. He was by far the most amiable of the three cousins, rising superior to all feelings of jealousy towards his rivals , and though he received large sums for his productions, yet, from his almost un paralleled liberality to the students of the academy, he died poor. With skill in painting Agostino combined the greatest pro6ciency in engraving (which he had studied under Cornelius de Cort) and high accomplishments as a scholar. He died not untroubled by remorse for the indecencies which, in accordance with the corruption of the time, he had introduced into some of his engravings. The works of Aunibala are more diversified in style than those of the others, and comprise specimens of painting after the manner of Correggio, Titian, Paolo Veronese, Kaphael, and Michelangelo. The most distinguished are the Dead Christ in the lap of the Madonna; the Infant and St John ; St Catherine ; St Roch distributing alms (now in the Dresden Gallery) ; and the Saviour wailed over by the Maries, at present in possession of the earl of Carlisle. He frequently gave great importance to the landscape in Iris compositions. The reputation of Annibale is tarnished by his jealousy and vindictiveness towards his brother, and the licentiousness of his disposition, which contributed
to bring him to a comparatively early grave.The three Caracci were the founders of the so-called Eclectic School of painting, the principle of which was to study in the works of the great masters the several excel lencies for which they had been respectively pre-eminent, and to combine these in the productions of the school itself ; for instance, there was to be the design of Raphael, the power of Michelangelo, the colour of Titian, and so on. The dullest or mildest connoisseur will at once perceive that a picture uniting these various kinds of greatness would be a glorious and indeed an unparagoned work of art ; but it does not follow that the attempt to transfer the several qualities, by study and practice, from the works of various men to those of one man, is fruitful of good. It is, in fact, far the reverse ; and at the present day perhaps few axioms in art have won a wider acceptance than that which pronounces eclecticism to be at once a result and a symptom of decadence. Eclecticism indicates that the creative impulse, the vital energy and fertility, of art have departed ; that the practitioners of the day can no longer do what their forerunners did produce admirable works, because in themselves spontaneously capable of doing so. They have on the contrary to investigate what has been achieved, and labour not for a new achievement resembling those which preceded in so far as all are the product of some personal gift, special and unforestalled, but rather for an achievement recombining and re-applying old successes, and qualifying, or indeed neutralizing, the strength of one quality by that of another. This is, in effect, an attempt to produce works of art upon the principles which govern the criticism of those works, an attempt predestined to sterility, for no two things are more antagonistic than the producing power and the criticizing power. They may, no doubt, be united in the same person, but cannot work out their results the one through the medium of the other.
CARAMAN, or Karaman, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the vilayet of Konia in Asia Minor, 61 miles south-east of the city of Konia (Iconium} on the border of an extensive plain at the foot of Mount Taurus, in 37 13 N. lat. and 33 28 E. long. It now contains about 1000 houses, three or four mosques, and an American church, and among other traces of its former importance are the ruins of a castle, the outer wall of which is of compass enough to contain about 100 houses. It trades with Smyrna and the other towns of Asia Minor, and manufactures coarse cloth from the wool of the neighbouring highlands. By the Greeks it is still called by its ancient name of Laranda, which was changed by the Turks for its present desig nation in honour of Karaman, the founder of the Kara- maniau kingdom. Little is known of its ancient history except that it was destroyed by Perdiccas about 322 B.C., and afterwards became a seat of Isaurian pirates. It was taken possession of by Frederick Barbarossa in 1190 ; in 1466 it was captured by Mahomet II., and in 1486 by Bajazet II.
CARAMANIA, or Karamania, is a name that has been frequently given by modern geographers to the south coast of Asia Minor, including the whole of the districts between Mount Taurus and the Mediterranean, known in ancient times as Lycia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia. It is in this sense that the term is used by Captain Beaufort, who, by the publication of his work (Karamama : a Description of the South- East Coast of Asia Minor, 8vo, 1816), which contained the first detailed account of the countries in question, did much to perpetuate the usage. But he him self admits that there is no authority for the application of the term in this sense. The only foundation for it was the existence, after the break up of the monarchy of the Seljukian Turks, of an independent Turkish kingdom, comprising a portion of the interior, north of the Taurus, to which for a short time the adjacent maritime provinces were annexed. This state bore the name of Karaman-ili, derived from that of its founder, and after it was finally subdued by the Ottoman Turks in 1486 it still continued to exist as a pashalic or government, the seat of which was fixed at Karaman, a considerable town on the north side of the Taurus, occupying the site of the ancient Laranda. But the pashalic thus named was situated wholly in the interior, north of the great chain of Mount Taurus, and comprised no part of the maritime districts, to which the name of Karamania was applied by European geographers. This erroneous use of the term may be considered as now obsolete, and the name of Karaman is no longer found among the territorial divisions of Turkey. The regions comprised under this appellation as employed by Captain Beaufort and Colonel Leake will be described under the headings Lycia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia.
CARAVACA, a town of Spain, in the province of Murcia, near a stream of the same name, which is tributary to the Segura, in 33 6 N. lat., 2 2 W. long. It is commanded by the ancient castle of Santa Cruz, and has an old parish church, with several convents, hospitals, and schools. The hills in the neighbourhood yield various kinds of marble, and in a mountain on the west is the stalactite cavern of Barquilla. The miraculous cross of Caravaca is famous for its healing powers, and a great festival is held in its honour on the 3d of May. Population, 6840.
Caravaggio, in Lombardy, from which he received his name. He was originally a mason s labourer, but bis powerful genius directed him to painting, at which he worked with immitigable energy and amazing force. He despised every sort of idealism whether noble or emasculate, became the head of the Naturalist! (unmodified imitators of ordinary nature) in painting, and adopted a style of potent contrasts of light and shadow, laid on with a sort of fury, emblematic
of that fierce temper which led the artist to commit a