of the soil. He lias made an inquiry into the geological features of the districts in which cretinism is endemic, com pared with the statistics of the cretin population. _He finds that cretinism is confined to metalliferous districts, and occurs most frequently where iron pyrites and copper pyrites
predominate.Although clogs, pigs, and probably alsD horses, oxen, and tiheep have been affected by goitre, there is no reliable evi dence of a connection between goitre and feeble or stunted organization in any of the lower animals.
Pronounced cretinism seems to be incurable. Dr Giiggenbuhl s treatment at the Abeudberg was chiefly psychological, and belongs to the general theory of the treatment of idiots. But the Swiss commission, who reported on the Abendberg on 15th May 1849, say that the greater part of the inmates were not cretins at all, but merely scrofulous children. Accordingly on GuggenbiihTa death the Bern Government declined any longer to support the establishment. Similar establishments have been founded at Marienberg in "Wurtemberg by Dr Koesch, at Aosta in Piedmont, Basseno in Savoy, at Abbiategrasso in Lombardy, at Albany, Utica, and other places in the United States. (See, for a list of idiot schools, Die Heil imd Pfiege Anstalten f dr psycMscli. Kranke, by Dr H. Laehr, Berlin, 1875.) An institution at Highgate, London, was founded in imitation of the Abendberg. It may be interesting to note the places in which cretins have been found in the United Kingdom. In England these are Ohlham, Sholver Moor, Cromp- ton, Duffield, Cromford (near Matlock), and other points in Derby shire ; endemic goitre has been seen near Nottingham, Chesterfield, Pontefract, Eipou, and the mountainous parts of Staffordshire and Yorkshire, the east of Cumberland, certain parts of Worcester, "Warwick, Cheshire, Monmouth, and Leicester, near Horsham in Hampshire, near Haslemere in Surrey, and near Beaconstield in Buckingham. There are cretins at Chiselborough in Somerset. In. Scotland cretins and cases of goitre have been seen in Perthshire, on the east coast of Fife, in Roxburgh, the upper portions of Peebles and Selkirk, near Lanark and Dumfries, in the east of Ayrshire, in the west of Berwick, the east of Wigtown, and in Kirkcudbright.
See Inglis, Treatise of EngUsh Bronchocele, 1844; Cretinism in Scotland, by Culdstream, 1847; Mitchell on the Nithsdale neck or goitre in Scotland, in Med. andChir. Kerieio 1862. See also Virchow, Pathologie des Tumturs, Paris, 1S63; Maffei, Der Cret. in den Pforischen Alpen, Erlangen, 1844 ; Morel, Traite des De- gtnerescences, Paris, 1857; Report of Royal Commission of Cretinism in Lombardy, Milan, 1864; Report of Austrian Commission, Vienna, 1861.
(w. c. s.)
CREUSE, a department of central France, comprising the greater portion of the old province of Marche, bounded N. by the departments of Indre and Cher, E. by Allier and Puy- de-Dome, S. by Correze, and W. by Haute- Vienne, with an area of 2150 square miles. The surface is hilly, with a general inclination north-westward in the direction of the valley of the Creuse, sloping from the mountains of Auvergne and Limousin, which rise southward and branch into the department. The highest point within its limits is in the forest of Chateauvert, 3050 feet above the sea. Rivers, streams, and lakes are numerous, but none are navigable ; the principal is the Creuse, which rises on the north side of the mass of Mount Odouze on the border of the department of Correze, and passes through the depart ment, dividing it into two nearly equal portions, receiving the Petite Creuse from the right, and afterwards flowing on to join the Vienne. The valleys of the head-streams of the Cher and of its tributary the Tardes occupy the eastern side ; those of the heads of the Vienne and its tributary the Thorion, and of the Gartempe joining the Creuse, are in the west of the department. The climate is in general cold, moist, and variable ; the rigorous winter covers the higher cantons with snow ; rain is abundant in spring, and storms are frequent in summer, but the autumn is always fine. Except in the valleys the soil is poor and infertile, so that agriculture is not in an advanced state, and the produce of corn, chiefly rye, oats, and buckwheat or "sarrasin," is not sufficient for home consumption. The chestnut abounds in the north and west, and its fruit is largely used. Cattle rearing and sheep breeding are the chief industries of the department. Creuse supplies Poitou and Vendee with draught oxen. Coal is mined to some extent, chiefly in the basin of Alum, but though iron ore, antimony, and kaolin are known, they are not worked. Millstones are quarried at Ldsigny. There are thermal springs at !Evaux in the east of the department. A railway uniting the systems of the Loire and Garonne basins crosses the department from eust to west, and a branch line leads up the valley of the Creuse to Aubusson. With Haute-Vicnne Creuse forma the diocese of Limoges. The department is divided into the four arrondissenients of Gue ret, the capital (population, 4899), Aubussou, the largest place (population, 6034), Bourganeuf, and Eoussac, and further into twenty fivo cantons. Population of department (1872), 274,633. Home labour is not sufficient for the support of the popu lation, and from 20,000 to 25,000 of the inhabitants of the department go yearly to other parts of France in search of employment.
CREUTZ, Gustaf Philip, Count, a Swedish poet, was born in Finland in 1729. After concluding his studies in Abo he received a post in the Court of Chancery at Stockholm in 1751. Here he met Count Gyllenborg, with whom his name is as firmly united as Beaumont s with Fletcher s. Their friendship woke the poetic vein in each of the young men, and they formed, in unison, the one great figure in the poetic literature of Sweden in the 18th century. Under the patronage of the eminent poetess, Fru Nordenflycht, the volumes they published together becamo widely admired ; to their own generation they seemed equal in fame, but posterity has given the palm of genius to Creutz. His greatest work is contained in the 17C2 volume, the idyll of Atis and Camilla ; the exquisite little pastoral entitled Daphne was published at the same time, and the generous and loving Gyllenborg was the first to proclaim and to delight in the supremacy of his friend. In 1763 Creutz practically closed his poetical career ; he went to Spain as ambassador, and after three years to Paris in the same capacity. In France he enjoyed the friendship of all the great literati of the day, especially of Marmontel. In 1783 Gustavus III. recalled him and heaped honours upon him, but he died soon after, on the 30th of October 1735. Atis and Camilla was long the most admired poem in the Swedish language ; it is written in a spirit of pastoral which is now to some degree faded, but in comparison with most of the other productions of the time it is freshness itself, Creutz introduced a melody and grace into the Swedish tongue which it lacked before, and he has been styled "the last artificer of the language."
philologist and archaeologist, born on March 10, 1771, at Marburg, was the son of a bookbinder of that town. Having studied at Marburg and Jena, he for some time lived at Leipsic as a private tutor; but in 1802 he was appointed professor at Marburg, and two years later pro fessor of philology and ancient history at Heidelberg. The latter position he held for nearly forty-five years, with the exception of a short time spent at the university of Leyden, where he was unable to remain on account of the injurious effect produced upon his health by the Dutch climate. He had the honour of being one of the principal founders of the Philological Seminary established at Heidelberg in 1807. The Academy of Inscriptions of Paris appointed him one of its members, and from the grand-duke of Baden he received the dignity of privy councillor. He died at the age of eighty-seven, February 1 6, 1858. Creuzer s first and most famous work was his Symbolik und Mythologie der alien Vulker, besonders der Griechen (Leipsic, 1810-12), in which he maintained that the mythology of Homer and Hesiod came from an Eastern source through the Pelasgians, and was the remains of the symbolism of an ancient revelation. This work was vigorously attacked by Hermann, in his Brie/en uber Homer itnd Hesiod, and his*
letter, addressed to Creuzer, Ueber das Wesrii wid die Be-