the war between the gods and Titans they were set free by Zeus, and furnished him with his thunder and lightning. Next they appear as the builders of walls of huge stones, such as those of Mycenæ, to build which they had been brought from Lycia, a volcanic country. But here they are seven in number, and seem to be of a different race. Different also are the Cyclopes of the Odyssey, in which they appear as a race living individually in caves, with large herds of sheep and goats, having only one eye, in the centre of the forehead, of enormous strength, and fearless of gods or men. The great strength and the one large round eye, from which their name is derived, they have in common with the volcanic Cyclopes, but as a race they seem to be connected with Neptune and the forces of the
sea. Polyphemus was a son of the sea god.CYNICS, a Greek sect, whose name is derived either from the fact that they originally met in the gymnasium called Cynosarges, or, in scorn of their habits and temper, from the word KVUV, a dog. The founder of the sect was Antisthenes, a disciple of Socrates, who, adopting the Socratic doctrines that the sole aim of philosophy is to attain the knowledge of right conduct, and that the summum bonum is not to be found in pleasure but in virtue, pushed them to an extreme, teaching that both pleasure and theoretical knowledge are to be wholly despised, and that to be independent of outward circumstances is the highest good. All that is artificial was condemned; and the Cynic was marked by his intense scorn of all other men, and the insolence with which he expressed it. The later Cynics, losing the Cynic virtue of self-control, but retaining the Cynic maxim of living according to nature, sank into mere beggars and brutal sensualists. From the time of Socrates the succession of Cynic teachers was unbroken for about a century; and in the 1st century A.D. Cynicism revived. The leading earlier Cynics were Antisthenes, Diogenes of Sinope, Crates, and Zeno; and the chief later Cynics were Demetrius the friend of Seneca, and Œnomaus and Demonax, who were both alive in the time of Hadrian. For further details, see the biographies of the principal Cynics.
CY-PRES a principle adopted by the Court of Chancery in dealing with trusts. When the charitable purpose intended by a testator cannot be carried into effect, the court will apply the funds to some other purpose, as near the original as possible. For instance, a testator having left a fund to be divided into four parts one-fourth to be used for " the redemption of British slaves in Turkey and Barbary," and the other three-fourths for various local charities it was found that there were no British slaves in Turkey or Barbary, and as to that part of the gift therefore the testator's purpose failed. Instead of allowing the portion of the fund devoted to this impossible purpose to lapse to the next of kin, the court devoted it to the purposes specified for the rest of the estate. This doctrine is only applied where "a general intention of charity is manifest" in the will, and not where one particular object only was present to the mind of the testator. Thus a testator, having left money to be applied in building a church in a particular parish, and that having been found to be impossible, the fund will not be applied cy-près, but will go to the next of kin.
CYPRESS (Cupressus), a genus of the sub-order Cupressinece, natural order Coniferoe or Pinaceae, represented by evergreen aromatic trees and shrubs indigenous to the south of Europe, the East Indies, China, California, Mexico, Guatemala, and North America. The Leaves of the cypresses are scale-like, overlapping, and generally in four rows ; the female catkins are roundish, and fewer tnan the male; the cones consist of from 6 to 10 peltate woody scales, which terminate in a curved point, and open when the seeds are ripe ; the seeds are numerous and winged. All the species exude resin, but no turpentine. C. sempervirens, Linn., the common cypress, is a native of the Levant and Persia. It is a tapering, flame-shaped tree resembling the Lombardy poplar ; its branches are thickly covered with small, imbricated, shining-green leaves ; the male catkins are about 3 lines in length ; the cones are between 1 and 1/ inches in diameter, sessile, and generally in pairs, and are made up of large angular scales, slightly convex exteriorly, and mucronate in the centre. In Britain the tree grows to a height of 40 feet, in its native soil to 70 or 90 feet. In thrives best on a dry, deep, sandy loam, on airy sheltered sites at no great elevation above the sea. It was introduced into Great Britain before the middle of the 16th century. In the climate of the south of England its rate of growth when young is between 1 and 1
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" Dark tree, still sad when others grief is fled, The only constant mourner o er the dead "
is the most striking feature, the rule being to plant one for
each interment. The tree grows straight, or nearly so, and
has a gloomy and forbidding, but wonderfully stately
aspect. With advancing age its foliage becomes of a dark,
almost black, hue. Gilpin calls the cypress an architectural
tree ; " no Italian scene," says he, " is perfect without its
tall spiral form, appearing as if it were but a part of the
picturesquely disposed edifices which rise from the middle
ground against the distant landscape." The cypress of
Somma, in Lombardy, is believed to have been in existence
in the time of Julius Cæsar; it is about 121 feet in height,
and 23 feet in circumference. Napoleon, in making the
road over the Simplon, deviated from the straight line in
order to leave it standing. The cypress, as the olive, is
found everywhere in the dry hollows and high eastern
slopes of Corfu, of the scenery of which it is characteristic.
Its superior luxuriance in that island is attributed by
Professor Ansted to the calcareous nature of the soil. As
an ornamental tree in Britain the cypress is useful to break
the outline formed by round-headed low shrubs and trees.
The berosh, or beroth, of the Hebrew Scriptures, translated
"fir" in the authorized version, in 1 Kings v. Sand vi. 10,
