By the census of 1871, in Great Britain there are returned as deaf and dumb 19,236. Table I. shows the number of deaf and dumb persons in the United Kingdom in 1871, with the proportion which they bear to the whole population. Census, 1871. Number of Deaf and Dumb. Total Population. Proportion to Population. 11,518 22,712,266 1 in 1972 2.087 3,360.018 1 in 1610 5,554 5,402,759 1 in 976 Islands of the British Seas ... 77 144,638 1 in 1879 Total 19,236 31,619,681 1 in 1644 The above, compared with the returns of the census of 1861, with an increase of population of 1 millions during that decennial period, will show an absolute decrease of 1075 deaf mutes, viz., 718 persons in England and Wales, 248 in Scotland, 99 in Ireland, and 10 in the islands of the British seas. Census, 1861. Number of Deaf and Dumb. Total Population. Proportion to Population. 12 236 20,066,224 1 in 1640 Scotland 2,3-S5 3,062,294 1 in 1311 5,653 5,798.967 1 in 1026 Islands of the British Seas... 87 143,447 1 in 1649 Total 20,311 29,070,932 1 in 1432 These figures afford an indication that causes are at work which are diminishing the extent of deaf - niuteism in the country ; such as direct sanitary improvements, general attention to the laws of health, and more skilful treatment of tbe diseases which result in deafness. Of the 11,518 deaf mutes in England and Wales in 1871 (including those described as dumb) 6262 are males and 525G are females. In Scotland, out of the 2087 deaf mutes, 1133 are males and 954 females, of whom 1016 were ascer tained to have been so from birth, while 1071 became so in after life from various causes. The number of deaf and dumb persons in Ireland is 5554, viz., in Leinster, 1318; Munster, 1590; Connaught, 882 ; and Ulster, 1764. The instances of persons in the melancholy condition of being deaf and dumb and blind are more numerous than might be supposed ; for the congenitally deaf are in a measure pre disposed to the organic defect which results in blindness. No less than 111 persons were returned as deaf and dumb and blind ; of these 20 were in special asylums and 26 in workhouses. In 1861 only 30 persons were described as blind and deaf and dumb. As dumbness can only co-exist with deafness from birth or from early life, the number of deaf and dumb, unlike that of the blind, does not increase with age, but is highest immediately after the age when the epidemic diseases of children have been passed through. Table II. shows concisely the locality, the date of establishment, and approximately the number of pupils in each of the institutions iu Great Britain and Ireland. Locality. D;ite of establishment. No. of Pupils. (London 1792 ) (Margate brand) 1862
S17
Hacknev Birmingham 1812 112 Manchester 1823 149 Liverpool 1825 90 Exeter 1827 48 Doncaster 1829 103 Newcastle 1838 73 Brighton 1840 97 Bristol 1841 34 Bath 1842 18 Swansea 1847 26 Llandaff 1862 25 Hull 1870 17 SCOTLAND. Edinburgh 1810 58 Donaldson s Hospital Glasgow 1R50 1819 114 114 Aberdeen 1819 30 Dundee 1846 30 IRELAND. Dublin, Claremont 1816 56 Roman Catholic 1846 382 Belfast 18"<1 <)1 1846 Total 91V! i Table III. shows the number of deaf and dumb -with their rela tive proportion to the entire population in the different countries. Countries. Date of Enumerar tion. Number of Deaf and Dumb. Population. Proportion to population. EUROPE. England and Wales.. Scotland 1871 1871 11,518 2 087 22. 1 1 L . Ji fi 3 3GO 018 1 in 1972 1 in 1610 1871 5 554 6 402 759 1 in 975 1871 24 488 1 in 1677 1853 29 51 "> 35 7"*3 170 1 in I M Belgium 1835 1 746 3 885 507 1 in 2 %> 2fi Holland 18 "i 1 250 2 500 000 1 in 2000 18"4 630 1 225 807 1 in l ^ Norway 1835 1,091 1 065 85 Sweden 1840 1 939 3 054 726 1 in l. r 2R 1834 4 778 3 675 327 AMERICA. United States 1870 16,150 38 558 000 1 ln 2388 1871 441 387 800 1 in 879 New Brunswick City of Halifax Prince Edward Isle.. Newfoundland 1871 1871 1861 18G1 306 27 68 120 285,594 29,582 80,857 122 638 1 in 933 1 in 1095 1 in 1189 1 in 1(122 (A. La.)
DEAFNESS. See Ear.
DEÁK, Franz (1803-187G), an Hungarian statesman,
was born on October 17, 1803, at Keluda, in the comitat of
Szalad. He sprang from an old noble fanfily, of which he
was the last descendant. Having studied law at the
academy of Raab, he practised as an advocate in Szalad,
and soon became a prominent figure at the meetings of
the comitat. He represented Szalad in the Diet which
met at Presburg in 1832 and lasted till 1836. By his
earnestness and practical sagacity he made so deep an im
pression that he was in a short time recognized as leader
of the opposition. The object of his policy was, on the one
hand, to resist the encroachments of the central Government
at Vienna on the rights of his country, and, on the other, to
remote abuses which then made Hungary one of the most
backward nations in Europe. He again sat for Szalad in the
Diet of 1839-40, and by skilful management effected a tem
porary reconciliation between the Imperial Government and
the Reform party, of which he was the head. He gave deep
offence, however, by the vigour with which he denounced
the exemption of Hungarian nobles from taxation, as well
as other injurious survivals of the Middle Ages ; and when
elected in 1843 he received such definite instructions from
the constituency to vote in a reactionary sense that he
declined to accept his seat. At a second election the
Liberals exerted themselves so energetically that he was
again appointed ; but, on the ground that violence had been
used in connection with his candidature, he once more
refused to enter the Diet. For some years he lived as
a private citizen ; but he was everywhere regarded as the
most influential Hungarian politician, and his party took
no important step without consulting him. A project for
a penal code which he drew up about this time was
admitted in Germany, France, and England to be one of
the most enlightened ever conceived. The excitement of
1843 caused the first symptoms of the disease of the heart
of which he ultimately died ; and during the rest of his life
he always suffered more or less from ill health. On this
account he could not enter the Diet of 1847; but next
year, when revolutionary forces threatened to break up the
empire, he was persuaded to take a seat vacated for him
by one of the members for Szalad.
The emperor, alarmed by the dangers which surrounded
him on every side, conceded in a number of measures,
afterwards known as " the laws of 1848," every important
demand Deak had ever made. The first independent
Hungarian Cabinet, with Count Batthyanyi as president,
was formed, and the ministry of justice was intrusted to
Deak. In this office, during the few months he held it, he
worked indefatigably ; and he intended completely to
reorganize legal administration. His plans, however, were
