carrying out the principles of the Reformation than was done in the succeeding age, so as to place the dogmatic system on a surer basis. Schleiermacher exercised great influence on theological thought ; and though he did not succeed in emancipating himself from the pantheistic prin ciples of his philosophy, his mode of conceiving Christianity and its relation to theology has been fruitful of good results. By a large number of divines it has been felt to be unsatis factory to base, as was practically done formerly, the whole system of theology on the one doctrine of the inspiration of Scripture ; and a broader foundation, as well as a more living conception, has been sought for it, by recognizing as its subject-matter, not merely the sayings of Scripture, but that living Christianity which it is the direct object of the Bible to produce and reveal. This is really a taking up and carrying out more fully of the principles of the Refor mation ; and it is in this line that dogmatic seems to be cultivated with most prospect of success and stability. There is in the present day much confusion in this as in many other departments of theology, and systems of the most diverse contents and on the most diverse principles are produced in abundance ; but the line in which such men as Nitzsch, Martensen, Julius Miiller, Ebrard, Oosterzee, Ritschl, and others have been labouring is that which at once maintains the substance of what has been gained in former ages, and is free to welcome modifications and
developments on sound and firmly based principles.
Literature.—The literature of dogmatic is exceedingly rich and varied, and only the more important and influential works can be mentioned here. Before the Reformation, however, though there are many treatises of primary importance on particular doctrines, and though the more comprehensive works have an historical value, yet there is no complete system constructed on sound principles, so as to be of much direct use. Calvin's lnstitutio Religionis Christiana is the first great work, embracing the whole subject, that is still of direct and primary importance. It is distinguished by a depth of insight into the principles of Christian doctrine, a comprehensive grasp and clear arrangement of their details, a reverence and sobriety in the interpretation and application of Scripture, and a spirit of Christian earnestness and piety that have never been, surpassed. Of the later dogmatic systems in the Reformed Church, some are brief compends, among which the Theologice Medulla of William Ames, the English puritan, is specially distinguished for precision of thought and power of construction ; others are much larger, and greatly exceed in the length and minuteness of their discussions the work of Calvin. Among them Francis Turretin s Institutio Theoloyire Elencticce (1679) is remarkable for the logical power with which he maintains the strict Calvinistic doctrine on all the points controverted in his day. Peter Van Mastricht s Theoretico- Practica Thiologia (1632-7), is a favourable specimen of the Dutch theology of the time laborious, accurate, and at the same time pro found and spiritual. Of the federal school, as it is called, which exercised great influence on the popular theology of this country, Hermann Witsius s (Economia Fcederum is a very able and suggestive production. The Arminian system is well represented by the Thco- logia Christiana of Philip Limborch (1686), a work written in a clear, biblical, and conciliatory style.
The Lutheran dogmatic works are even more colossal and voluminous than the Reformed ; the greatest of them, John Gerhard s Loci Theoloyici (1609-22), shows a spirit of piety, as well as great learning, exactness of thought, and logical skill. He occupies a middle position between the more rigidly orthodox such as Hiitter and Calovius, and the so-called syncretism of Calixtus. Of the same general character are the Institutiones Theologian Dogmaticce of John Francis Buddaius (1724). A very fair idea of the contents of the Lutheran dogmatic works may be obtained from Schmid s (of Erlangen) compendious Dogmatik der evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche (1853), which consists mainly of quotations from the old divines on the different doctrines of the system, and from Luthardt s Compendium der Dogmatik. In this country no important syste matic treatise on dogmatic as a whole appeared till the publication of Dr George Hill s Lectures in Divinity in 1821, a work distin guished by lucid arrangement of topics, and clear and cautious state ment of doctrines and exposition of their evidence, though lacking somewhat in spiritual warmth. Dr Chalmers s Institutes of Theology (1849) have this last quality in a very high degree, and follow a method that brings dogmatic into closer connection with Christian experience than had been usual; but the system is very imperfectly filled up, and is marked more by brilliant and suggestive thoughts amply illustrated, than by thorough and minute investigation.
The modern era of dogmatic may be said to have oeen opened by Schleiermacher s Christliche Glaube (1821), a work of great genius, learning, and power, which did good service in putting an end to the previously prevalent rationalism, though in some essential respects of a doubtful and defective character. Nearly all who have worked at dogmatic since have been stimulated and influenced more or less by Sehleiermacher ; but those who have received most from him have in general left behind the pantheistic and emotional elements of his system, and approached nearer to the old faith of the church. Among other works on dogmatic may be mentioned Nitzsch .s System der Christlichcn Lehre, containing in short compass much clear, profound, and enlightening thought, and Martensen s Christian Dogmatics, with his comprehensive, philosophic, and suggestive views. One part of Schleiermacher s system which is given up by these and most modern theologians his determinism has been, rigorously carried out by Alexander Schweizerin Zurich (Glaubens- lehre der Refonnirten Kirche) and Scholten in Leyden (Dogmaticcs Christiana Initia ; Da Leer der Hervormde Kerk). Against the former Ebrard has made a vehement and keen protest in his Christliche Dogmatik ; while the latter has, since publishing these works, given up belief in supernaturalism entirely. Oosterzee 3 Christian Dogmatics is a very useful and, judicious exhibition of a moderate Calvinistic system.
Of the theologians who endeavour to reproduce more exactly the old Lutheran orthodoxy, the chief are Philippi, whose Kirchlichu Glaubenslehre is very strictly confessional, and Kahnis, who in his Luthensche Dogmatik displays a more liberal and critical spirit.
In a similar way, Dr Charles Hodge of Princeton has restated the Calviuistic system of the 17th century in his Systematic Theology, which shows a wonderful acquaintance with the multifarious modern literature of the subject, great logical power, and an adherence to the old doctrines that is not in the least shaken by all the diverg ing views and arguments with which he is so familiar.
For fuller accounts of the literature and history of dogmatic, reference may be made to Ilagenbach s Encyclopddie u. MethoJologie der theologischtn Witsen-tcftaften, to the same author s DogmengeschicMe, and to Corner s Geschichte der frotestantisc/ien T/ieotogie.
DOGWOOD (according to Prior, Ang, Sax. dole, a brooch- pin), the name applied to plants of the genus Cornus, of the natural order Cornacece or cornels. The common dogwood, prick-wood, skewer-wood, or so-called dogberry, G. sanguinea, is a shrub reaching a height of 8 or 9 feet, common in hedges, thickets, and plantations in Great Britain. Its branches are dark-red ; the leaves egg- shaped, pointed, about 2 inches long by 1/ broad, and turning red in autumn ; and the flowers dull white, in terminal cymes. The fruits are of a black purple, are bitter, and one-seeded, and contain a consi derable percentage of oil, which in some places is employed for lamps, and in the manufacture of soap. The wood is white and very hard, and like that of other species of the genus is used for making ladder- spokes, wheel-work, skewers, forks, and other implements, and gunpowder charcoal. The red berries of the dwarf species, C. suecica, of the Scotch Highlands are eaten, and are reputed to be tonic in properties. 0. mascula, the Cornelian Cherry, a native of Europe and Northern Asia, bears a pulpy and edible fruit, which when unripe contains much tannin. It is the Akenia of the Greeks, and tho Kizziljiek of the Turks ; by the latter the wood is employed for giving a red dye. The bark of the handsome Flowering Dogwood, O. jiorida, and of other American species, is valued as a stomachic and febrifuge, and is administered as a substitute for Peruvian bark. The Jamaica Dogwood, the root-bark of which is poisonous, is the species Piscidia JSrythrina, of the natural order Leguminosce.
Vilaine, about 15 miles by rail from St Malo, on an eminence in the midst of a marshy plain, protected from the inroads of the sea by a dyke of the 12th century, which extends for a distance of 22 miles. A quiet, sombre, agricultural little place, with nothing more remarkable in its modern life than the corn-market which is held in the old Carmelite church of Notre-Dame-sous-Dol, it preserves, in the remains of its ramparts and its ditch, the memory
of the time when it was one of the most important fortresses