now extinct, became afterwards disaffected to the Government and fled to Rome, where he died in" exile, his estates having been pre viously confiscated by James I." In 1608, Sir Cahir O Dogherty, lord of Innishowen, deceived by hopes of aid from Spain, raised an insurrection against the English Government in Ulster. He burnt Londonderry and maintained his ground for a short period : but the Lord-Deputy Chichester having offered a reward for his head, he retired to the wilds of Kilmacrenan, and was shot by a Scotch settler in his encampment on the rock of Doune. His extensive estates were confiscated and transferred to Chichester, the ancestor of the earls and marquises of Donegall. Shortly afterwards, the colonization of Ulster with English and Scotch undertakers and settlers, in pursuance of the scheme of James I., was partially carried out, and the baronies of Boylagh and Bannagh were allotted to Mohn Murray ; Sir James Cunningham, Sir John Stewart, and others, received the district of Portlough ; the London Grocers Company obtained Muff in Innishowen ; Sir Roger Bingley, Sir John Kingsmill, and other English settlers the district round Lifford ; Sir William Stewart, Sir John Kingsmill, Sir George Macburie, Captain Hart, Sir M. M Swine, Turlogh Roe Boyle, MacSwine Bannagh, MacSwine Fannet, and other servitors and natives the district of Kilmacrenan. Since the period of the settle ment of Ulster, no forfeitures have taken place in this county. The landholders remained loyal in the rebellion of 1641, and also during the war of the Revolution.
This district was formed into the county of Donegal in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, in 1585, by the Lord-Deputy Sir John Perrott.
Antiquities.—The most noteworthy architectural remains of antiquity in the county are to be found at the head of Lough Swilly, where, situated on the summit of a hill 802 feet high, some remark able remains exist of a fortress or palace of the Northern Irish kings. These are known as the Grianan of Aileach, and evidently date from a period prior to the 12th century. On Tory island there is one of the best specimens of a round tower and some other interesting remains.
Numerous ruins of ancient castles along the coast prove that much attention was formerly paid to the defence of the country from invasion. The principal are Kilbarron Castle, an ancient stronghold of the O Clerys, near Ballyshannon ; Donegal Castle, built by the O Donnells, anciently their chief residence, and now a fine ruin standing close to the water s edge ; Burt Castle, built in the reign of Henry VIII. on the shores of Lough Swilly by Sir Caliir O Dogherty, to whom is also attributed the erection of Green Castle, one of the strongholds of the clan on Lough Foyle.
Near the Castle of Doe, or M Swiney s Castle, at Horn Head, is a natural perforation in the roof of a cave, called M Swiney s Gun, formed by the workings of the ocean into the overhanging cliff. When the wind blows due north, and the tide is at half flood, the gun is seen to spout up jets of water to a height of 100 feet, attended with explosions heard occasionally in favourable weather at an immense distance. Gulmore Fort, on the coast of Lough Swilly, supposed to have been erected, by the O Doghertys, having come into the possession of the crown, was granted in 1609 to the corporation of London. It was afterwards enlarged or rebuilt, and acted a pro minent part in the celebrated siege of Derry.
Traces of religious houses, some existing only in traditionary or documental records, are also numerous. Ashroe Abbey, on a small stream near Ballyshannon, was of great extent. The ruins of that of Donegal, founded in 1474, also afford proofs of its ancient grandeur. It was there that the celebrated collection of ancient Irish annals were written, known by the name of the Annals of the Four Masters, and sometimes called the Annals of Donegal, compiled in the year 1632, by Michael O Clery and his coadjutors.
DONGOLA, or Donkola, a town of Egypt, in the district of the same name in the province of Nubia, situated on the left bank of the Nile, about 45 miles above the Third Cataract. It is frequently styled Dongola Makarah, or New Dongola, to distinguish it from Dongola Agusa, or Old Dongola, a now decadent village 75 miles further up the river, which was formerly a flourishing fortified town, but fell into ruins after the devastation of the Mamelukes. Kasr Dongola, or Castle Dongola, and El Ordeh, or The Barracks, are also names in use. The town grew up round the military and administrative buildings established about 1820 by the Egyptian Government; and it is now a thriving commercial centre, with well-furnished bazaars, an indigo factory, and public baths. The barracks were built after a plan by the celebrated German naturalist Ehrenberg. Population about 6000.
DONIZETTI, Gaetano (1798–1848). There is a strange parallelism observable in the lives of the three most cele brated Italian composers of the present century. Rossini, Bellini, and Donizetti had no sooner established their reputations on the Italian stage than they left their own country for Paris, at that time the centre of the musical world. All three settled in France, and all three were anxious to adapt the style of their music to the taste and artistic traditions of their adopted country. The difference which exists between Rossini s Tell and his Semiramide may, although in a less striking degree, be noticed between Donizetti's Fille du Regiment and one of his earlier Italian operas. But here the parallel ends. As regards artistic genius Donizetti can by no means be compared with his illustrious countrymen. He has little of Bellini s melancholy sweetness, less of Rossini s sparkle, and is all but devoid of spontaneous dramatic impulse. For these shortcomings he atones by a considerable though by no means extraordinary store of fluent melody, and by This rare skill in writing for the voice. The duet in the last act of the Favorita and the celebrated ensemble in Lucia following upon the signing of the contract, are masterpieces of concerted music in the Italian style. These advantages, together with considerable power of humorous delineation, as evinced in Don Pasquale and L JUlisir d Amore, must account for the unimpaired vitality of many of his works on the stage.
wks born at Bergamo in 1798, the son of a Government official of limited means. Originally destined for the bar, he showed at an early age a strong taste for art. At first, strangely enough, he mistook architecture for his vocation, and only after an unsuccessful trial in that direction did he discover his real talent. He entered the conservatoire of his native city, where he studied under Simon Mayr, the fertile operatic composer. His second master was Mattei, the headmaster of the celebrated music school of Bologna, where Donizetti resided for three years. After his return to Bergamo the young composer determined to devote him self to dramatic music, but his father insisted upon his giving lessons with a view to immediate gain. The disputes arising from this cause ultimately led to Donizetti s enlisting in the army. But this desperate step proved beneficial against all expectation. The regiment was quartered at Venice, and here the young composer s first dramatic attempt, an opera called -Enrico Comte di Borgogna, saw the light in 1818. The success of this work, and of a second opera brought out in the following year, established Donizetti s reputation. He obtained his discharge from the army, and henceforth his operas followed each other in rapid and uninterrupted succession at tho rate of three or four a year. Although he had to contend successively with two such dangerous rivals as Rossini and Bellini, he succeeded in taking firm hold of the public, and the brilliant reception accorded to his Anna Bolena at Milan carried his name beyond the limits of his own country. In 1835 Donizetti went for the first time to Paris, where, however, his Marino Faliero failed to hold its own against Bellini s Puritani, then recently produced at the Theatre Italien. The disappointed composer went to Naples, where the enormous success of his Lucia di ) Lammermoor consoled him for his failure in Paris. For Naples he wrote a number of works, none of which is worth notice. In 1840 the censorship refused to pass his Poliuto, an Italian version of Corneille s Polyeucte, in consequence of which the disgusted composer once more left his country for Paris. Here he produced at the Ope"ra Comique his most popular opera, La Fille du Regiment, but again with little success. It was not till after the work had made the round of the theatres of Germany and Italy that tho Parisians reconsidered their unfavourable verdict. A serious opera, Les Martyrs, produced about the same time
with the Daughter of the Regiment, was equally unsuccesa-