626 ETHNOGRAPHY which accounts of the structures and functions of different types of animals stand to the conclusion of the biologist. Until there had been such systematic descriptions of different kinds of organisms as made it possible to compare the connexions and forms and actions and modes of origin of their parts, the science of life could make no progress ; and in like manner, before there can be reached in socio logy generalizations worthy to be called scientific, there must be definite accounts of the institutions and activities of societies, of various types and in various stages of evolution, so arranged as to furnish the means of ascertaining what social phenomena are habitually associated." In the three volumes of Adolf Bastian, Der Mensch in der Geschichte, we have already a kind of ethnological encyclopaedia, a mine of interesting facts, collected from the most various sources. The author is a man of great reading, and has himself travelled over the known world. But in 1860, when the book was written, ethno logy had not come of age, and instead of allowing the facts to speak for themselves, he marshalled them in ungainly array to make them support metaphysical theses. Amongst other important books relating to general ethnology are to be named Klemn s Allgemeine Culturgeschichte der Men- schheit; Caspari s Urgeschichte der Menschhcit; Fr. von Hellwald s Culturgeschichte ; Waitz s Anthropologie, der Naturvolkcr; Fr. M til ler s Allgemeine Ethnographic; Gerland s Anthropologische Beitrdge; Baer und Schaafhausen, Der vorgcschichtliclie Mensch; Huxley s Methods and Results of Ethnology ; Brace s Manual of Ethnology ; Von Martius, Ethnographie. Mr H. Bancroft s Native Races of America and Meinike s Polynesia cover only parts of our ground, but deserve exceptional record here, from the amount of informa tion which they aiford. Ethnographical maps have been published by Berghaus, Schafaiik, Fuchs, Czoernig, Waitz, and others. In Germany, Denmark, and Sweden "maps of the finds" are in progress. Dupont has given out important Synoptic Tables. An ethnological feat, accomplished with the resources of a national budget, that of Austria, is the Novara Expedition, which continues the series of the great scientific travels, such as those of the " Beagle" and the " Astrolabe," and those accomplished by Cook, Forster, and Bougainville. The relations given by travellers of what they have seen in foreign parts compose an immense col lection, which ethnographers have now to classify, and to sift carefully in order to extract from it all that is useful. Modern descriptions have their peculiar merits, but the value of earlier writers increases in proportion as civilization, which is gradu ally imported everywhere, destroys the old order of things, and gives an uniform tinge to the intellects and the institutions of all races. Narrations of the mediaeval travellers, such as Marco Polo and Ibn Batutah, were never found so interesting as they are now. "We peruse again the stories of the Conquistatlores, the bar barous heroes of modern culture, and those of their twin brothers, the Conquerors of Faith, the missionaries of the third Christian period, Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, whose work amo>g the Indians of North and South America, among the races of Africa, the Chinese, and the Japanese, is related in the celebrated collection o the Lettres Edifiantes. Acosta, Lafitau, Charlevoix, Duhalde, Dobrizhoffer, have given to the world much information, as have also the modern missionaries, chiefly Protestants, among whom we may cite Williams, Ellis, Isenberg, Krapf, Moffat, Callaway, Casalis, Hue, Eitel, Metz, and, above all, Livingstone. Although ethnology be a new science, it must not be considered as a new invention. Thirty years ago not a few books were written in France and Germany, which, expounding the "philosophy of history" then in vogue, would now-a-days have expounded the "pro gress of culture." The most antiquated, inspired by the schools of Hegel and Schelling, contain less of history than of so-called philo sophy ; the best, inspired rather by Herder and Vico, contain more of facts than of metaphysics. Some of their authors were already eth nologists without knowing it, among them, Buckle, whose Civiliza tion in England may be considered as one of the works which open the new period of history, as modified by ethnology. The bibliography of a science giving its history in a condensed form, it must be said that the corner-stones of any ethnographer s library are the works of the great historians Herodotus and Tacitus, and that the first expounder of the modern principles of ethnology is the poet Lucretius. In contrast with the paucity of the publications which profess to give the synthesis of ethnology, one may notice the super abundance of books, memoirs, essays, and lesser works which discuss all kinds of ethnologic matters and points of detail. Ethno logy being in great favour with the public, there appear in reviews and magazines, and even in the weekly and daily press, articles which an ethnographer should diligently collect. A list of these various publications appears every year in the Brunswick Archiv fiir Anthropologie. It is not, and could not be, complete, but, such as it is, it meets most wants. The learned societies scattered throughout the civilized world act in scientific matters as the lakes and reservoirs of the high lands do in the hydrographic system ; they collect and purify the waters of torrents and rivulets, they regulate their outlet. In all European capitals, and in some other cities, as Washington, Toronto, Rio Janeiro, Calcutta, Yeddo, Tiflis, Melbourne, Cairo, savants and scientists meet in Academies, and, in the Transactions of their diverse sections, ethnology conies in for a part of their attention. Societies of anthropology and ethnology have constituted them selves as separate bodies in London, Paris, Rome, Florence, Madrid, Vienna, Berlin, Dantzig, Leipsic, Dresden, Munich, and Stuttgart. From their influence and the date of their foundation, the societies of London and Paris are to be ranked lirst. To the impulse given by the Societe Anthropologique are often ascribed the great strides recently made by anthropology. This association was founded by men who mostly went to work with a precision which originated in the methods of anatomy, physiology, archaeology, palaeontology, and philology, the lights from which they projected simultaneously on their favourite science. The vasstness of Great Britain s colonial empire, the diversity of its climes, races, and creeds, the magni tude of England s commercial navy, which has become the general carrier of the world, the facility with which Englishmen emigrate or travel abroad, have given to ethnographic matters in this country an interest and an importance which they have not elsewhere. Hence the directness and the variety of the communications which are transmitted to the Anthropological Institute in London. The character uf the two societies reflects itself in their publications ; the Revue d Anthropologie, as edited by Dr Paul Broca, has a pre ference for biology, and the Journal of the Institute, as edited by Mr John Evans and Major-General Lane Fox the best authorities on flints and on primitive weapons and implements has a marked preference for archaeology and the domestic arts. In almost every considerable town of Germany there is some society affiliated to the large Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologie, Ethnologic, und Urgeschichte, which numbers about 2000 members, and issues the Archiv fiir Anthropologie already named, edited by Dr Virchow, Eck, Lindenschmidt, with many collaborateurs, mostly physicians and naturalists. Another publication, more ethnological in character, is the Zcitschrift fur Ethnologic, edited by the great traveller and most learned man, Adolf Bastian. In the Scandinavian countries, and in Hungary, patriotism fosters the prehistoric studies by the hope of throwing some light on the misty figures of gigantic ancestors. Since the discovery of the lake-dwellings, by which a sudden in terest was awakened in archaeological pursuits, ethnology has been a favourite study in Switzerland. Italy, which also had lake- dwellings as well as terramare, whole cities buried in the soil, &c. , and which teems with precious remains of Roman, Greek, Ktruscau, and Oriental origin, addicts herself with some zeal to these re searches, the results being given forth especially in the Archivio dell Antropologia e Etnologia, and the Palco-etnologia Italiana. Not to be omitted are the Tour du Monde, which has been trans lated perhaps in every civilized language, and even into Japanese; the Globus of Herr Karl Andree ; the Ausland of Fr. von Hell- wald; the Materiaux pour servir a I histoire primitive et naturelle de I homme of Cartailhac and Fontdouce. Many publications which give occasionally valuable ethnographic information, but which bestow on geography, history, and philology the largest share of their attention, must be passed over. (E. EE.) IXDEX. Amber, 618. Anthropology, 614. Art, 622. Atavism, 615. Authority, 620. Civilization, 614; progress of, C24. Commerce, 617. Crime, 624. Demography, 614. Development, material, 616 ; family, 618; social, 619; intel lectual, 621 ; religious, 622; moral, 624. Ethnography and ethnology dis tinguished, 613. Evolution, 615. Exploration, archaeological, 616. Family development, 618. Fire, 617. Food, 616. Gens, 619. Government, 620. Heredity, 615. Houses, 617. Implements, C17. Industry, 617. Intellectual development, 621. Justice, G24. Language, 621. Law, 624. Legends, 623. Magic, 623. Marriage, 618. Material development, 616. Metal working, 618. Moral progress, 625. Morals, 621. Myths, 623. Nations, 619. Paganism, 623. * Philology, 62L Progress, 624. Property, 621. Religion, 622. Social development, C1&. Superstitions, 623. Survival, 615. Tales, 623. Tools, 617. Tribes, 619. Weapons, 617.
Woman, place of, 818.