1)54 E U C E U C the Eucharist is not only a commemoration of a past event, but also the pledge and seal of something then actually present. As bread and wine sustain our earthly body, so the body and blood of Christ nourish and refresh our spiri tual nature (Hagenbach, u.s., p. 302). With regard to the participation of unbelievers, the Helvetic Confession lays down definitely that they who approach the Lord s Table without faith partake of the sacrament alone, but have no share in the "res sacramenti" which is the source of life and salvation (Corpus Confession., p. 73). The doctrine of the Church of England, as set forth in her 28th Article, is that " the supper of the Lord is not only a sign of the love that Christians ought to have among themselves one to another, but rather is a sacrament of our redemption by Christ s death, insomuch that, to such as rightly, worthily, and with faith receive the same, the bread which we break is a partaking of the body of Christ, and likewise the cup of blessing is a partaking of the blood of Christ The body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten in the supper only after an heavenly and spiritual manner, and the means whereby the body of Christ is re ceived and eaten in the supper is faith." The teaching of the Catechism is to the same effect, viz , that the sacrament of the Lord s supper was ordained "for the continual remem brance of the sacrifice of the death of Christ, and of the benefits which we receive thereby." It teaches also that " the body and blood of Christ are verily and indeed taken and received by the faithful," to "the strengthening and refreshing of our souls by the body and blood of Christ as our bodies are by the bread and wine." The doctrine of the Presbyterian Churches of Scotland, as declared in the Confession of Faith, agreed upon by the Assembly of Divines at Westminster, and approved by the General Assembly in 1647, and established by Acts of Par liament in 1649 and 1G90, as "the publick and avowed confession of the Church of Scotland," is that the Lord s supper was instituted by Christ, to be observed to the end of the world " for the perpetual remembrance of the sacri fice of Himself in His death; the sealing all benefits thereof to true believers ; their spiritual nourishment and growth in Him ; their further engagement in and to all duties which they owe to Him ; and to be a bond and pledge of their communion with Him, and with each other as members of His mystical body. In the sacrament Christ is not offered up to His Father, nor any real sacrifice made at all for remission of sins of the quick or dead, but only a com memoration of that one offering up of Himself, by Himself upon the cross, once for all, and a spiritual oblation of all possible praise unto God for the same The outward elements in this sacrament, duly set apart to the uses ordained by Christ, have such relation to Him crucified as that truly, yet sacramentally only, they are sometimes called by the name of the things they represent, to wit, the body and blood of Christ, although in substance and nature they still remain truly and only bread and wine. Worthy receivers outwardly partaking of the visible elements in this sacrament do then also inwardly by faith, really and indeed, yet not carnally and corporally, but spiritually, re ceive and feed upon Christ crucified and all benefits of His death, the body and blood of Christ being then not corpor ally or carnally in, with, or under the bread and wine, yet as really, though spiritually, present to the faith of believers in that ordinance as the elements themselves are to their outward senses" (chapters xxix. 1,2, 5, 7). Authorities. Hagenbach, History of Doctrines, vol. ii Scuda- more, J^otitia Eucharistica ; Hooker, Ecdcs. Polity, bk v Barrow Doctrine of the Sacraments; Jeremy Taylor, Real Presence of Christ tVaterland On the Eucharist; Wilberforce, Doctrine of the Eucha rist; Calvin, Institutio, lib. iv. ; Confessionum Fidci diccrsarum Jgclcsrarum Corpus; Concilii Tridentini Dccrcta; Catcchismus ad farochos; Kuniuel, Monum. Fidci Eccl. Orient. (E V ) EUCHRE, a game at cards, much played in America. Euchre is said to be a corruption of the word dearth ; the game is believed to have been first played by the French settlers in Louisiana, but at what date is uncertain. Euchre is played with thirty-two cards, the twos, threes, fours, fives, and sixes being rejected from a complete pack. The players cut for deal, and the lowest deals. The non-dealer then cuts to his opponent, who deals five cards to each, by two at a time and three at a time, or vice versa. The dealer turns up the top of the undealt cards for trumps. In suits not trumps the cards rank as at whist ; in the trump suit the knave (called the right bower) is the highest trump, and the other knave of the same colour, black or red, as the case may be (called the left lower], is the next highest, this card being, of course, omitted from the suit to which it would otherwise belong. The other trumps rank as already stated, the queen being next above the ten. Two-handed Euchre. The non-dealer looks at his hand and decides whether he will play it. If content, i.e., if he thinks he can win three tricks, he says " order it up." Tho dealer then puts out from his hand any card he pleases, face downwards, and is entitled to take the trump card into his hand ; but the card is generally left on the pack until wanted in the course of play. If the non-dealer is not content, he says " pass." The dealer then has the option of taking up the trump as before, or of passing also. If the trump is ordered up or taken up the play of the hand commences ; if both pass, the dealer places the trump card face upwards under the pack, called turning it down. The non-dealer has then the option of making it, i.e., of naming any suit, except the one turned up, saying, " make it spades," or any suit he prefers, and that suit becomes trumps, or of passing again, saying, "pass again." If he makes it, the play begins; if he passes again, the dealer has similarly the option of making it. If both pass a second time the hand is thrown up, and the other player deals When the turn up is red and the trump is made red it is called making it next; the same if black is made black. If the trump is made of a different colour from the turn up, it is called crossing the suit. If the hand is played, the non-dealer leads; the dealer plays to the card led. He must follow suit if able, otherwise he may play any card he pleases. If the left bower is led a trump must be played to it. The highest card of the suit led wins the trick ; trumps win other suits. The winner of the trick leads to the next. If the player who orders up, takes up, or makes the trump, wins five tricks, he scores two, called a march; if he makes three or four tricks he scores one, called the point. If he fails to make three tricks he is euchred, and his opponent scores two. The game is five up. By agreement, a player who makes more than five may carry the surplus (called a lap) to the next game. Also it is sometimes agreed that a, love game (or lurch} shall count double. The game may be reckoned without reference to the adverse score ; or it may be played with points, that is, the winner receives from the loser as many points as he wants of game. Three-handed or Cut-throat Euchre. The option of playing or passing goes to each in rotation, beginning with the player to the dealer s left. Three cards, one from each hand, constitute a trick. The player who orders up, takes up, or makes the trump plays against the other two, except at independent euchre, when each plays for himself. If the attacking player is euchred, he is set back two points. Thus if he is love, and is euchred, he has seven points to make instead of five. Four-handed Euchre is generally played with partners, who are cut for and sit opposite each other as at whist. If the first hand passes, the second may say " I assist," which
means that the dealer (his partner) is to take up the trump.