668 E U P E U P miles N.W of Simferopol, on a sandy promontory m the north of Kalamita Bay, in 45 12" N. lat. and 33 5 E. long Of its numerous ecclesiastical buildings, which comprise 1 mosques, three synagogues, an Armenian, an Orthodox, and a Catholic church, only two are of special interest, the Karaite synagogue and one of the mosques, which has four teen cupolas, and is built after the plan of St Sophia in Con stantinople. The shipping accommodation is poor, the port or rather roadstead having a sandy bottom, and being exposed to violent storms from the N.E. Small vessels cast anchor near the town in a depth of 18 ^or 15 feet. The trade is principally in grain, skins, cowhair, felt, tallow, and salt. In 1861, out of a population of 7081, 3422 were Mahometans, 1228 Karaite Jews, and 175 Talmudists. In 1871 the total was 8294. It is believed that in the 5th century B.C. there was a town C oronitis, in this part of the Chersonese, and according to some authorities it was near this spot that a military post called Eupatorium was established in the 1st century A.D. by Diophantes, the general of Mithradates Eupator. About the end of the 15th century the Tatars built the fortress of Gezleve on the present site, and it became the centre of one of the principal towns of the Crimea. It was oc- troops were landed at Eupatoria, and in February 1855 the town was occupied by the Turkish forces under Omer Pasha. EUPEN" (French Neau], the chief town of a circle in the district of Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish province of Prussia, is situated in a beautiful valley at the confluence of the Hill and Vesdre, on the Rhenish railway, 9 miles south of Aix- la-Chapelle. It is a flourishing commercial town, and besides cloth and buckskin mills, it has net and glove manufactories, soipworks, dyeworks, tanneries, and breweries, and also carries on a considerable trade m cattle, butter, and cheese. It has a Protestant and 6 Catholic churches, a Franciscan monastery, a town school of a high grade, an orphanage, a hospital, an infirmary, and a lunatic asylum. Eupen until 1801 was under the govern ment of Austria, and belonged to the duchy of Limburg, but at the peace of Luneville it came into the possession of France, and in 1814 into that of Prussia. The population in 1875 was 14,895. EUPHORBIUM, an acrid dull-yellow or brown resin, consisting of the concreted milky juice of Euphorbia resini- fem, Berg., a cactus-like perennial plant of the natural order Euphorbiacete, indigenous to Morocco. It is procured by making incisions in the branches of the plant, and allowing tlte juice to harden in the heat of the sun. In, collecting it, the protection of the mouth and nostrils by a cloth is requisite, as the dust occasions violent sneezing if inhaled. E iphorbium has a taste at first little marked, but afterwards hot and acrid. It dissolves in alcohol, ether, and turpen tine ; in water it is only slightly soluble. Its constituents, according to Fluckiger, are 38 per cent, of an amorphous resin, to which the drug owes its acridity, and 22 per cent, of euphorbon, together with mucilage, malates, and mineral compounds. Pliny states that the name of the drug was given to it in honour of Euphorbus, the physician of Juba II., king of Mauritania In former times euphorbium was valued in medicine for its drastic, purgative, and emetic properties ; and as an errhine it is still occasionally resorted to. On account of the violence of its action, it requires to be mixed for use with starch or flour. As a resicant it has been employed as a substitute for cautharides in veterinary practice. See Fluckiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 1874 ; Bentley and Trimen, Medical Plants, tab. 240. EUPHOR10N, a Greek poet and grammarian, was the son of Polymnetua, and was born at Chalcis in Euboea in the 126th Olympiad, 274 B.C. He studied philosophy under Lacydes and Prytams, and poetry under Archebulus the Therean. After amassing great wealth, he retired (221 B.C.) to the court of Syria, and there assisted Antiochus the Great in forming the royal library at Antioch, which it was intended should rival that of Alexandria ; and in this em ployment he died probably about 200 B.C. His poetry was principally epic, but he was also an epigrammatist, and has besides been supposed, though without sufficient reason, to have written dramas. Only a few fragments of his works have been preserved ; but from the opinions expressed by ancient writers, it appears that he was constantly in search of archaic and obsolete expressions, and that the erudite character of his allusions rendered him so obscure as to be understood with difficulty. His works appear to have been popular as late as the times of the emperor Tiberius. The fragments have been edited by Meineke under the title De Euphoriants Chalcidensis Vita et Scriptis, &c., Uantzic, 1S23. This work with amendments has been published by Meineke in his Analccta Alexandrina, Berlin, 1843. See also Clinton s Fasti Hel- lenici, vol. ii, p. 511; Fabricius, Bib. Grcec., vol. i. p. 594; Heyne, De Euphoriant, Excurs. iii. ad Virg. Bucol. and Excurs. . ad sEn. ii. EUPHRANOR, a painter and statuary of Greece, who flourished about the middle of the 4th century B.C., was born in the territory of Corinth, but, having practised his art and acquired his renown at Athens, is always identified with the Athenian school. In sculpture he produced a great number of pieces, from colossal life-figures to drinking cups. Of the finest of these, a figure of Paris, a beautiful copy now exists in the Museo Pio-Clementino in the Vatican. His principal pictorial work was extant in the time of Pausanias in one of the porches of the Ceramicus. It represented on one side of the wall the twelve gods, and on the other Theseus as the founder of the equal polity of Athens. Among the pupils of Euphranor were Antidotus, Carmanides, and Leonidus of Anthedon. He was the author of some works on colour and proportion, which seem to have been the characteristic excellences of his own pieces. EUPHRATES. The Euphrates lias been one of the best known rivers of the world from the remotest antiquity. It may be considered, roughly speaking, as divided into three portions, the upper, middle, and lower divisions, each of which is distinguished by special physical features, and each of which has played a conspicuous part in the world s history, retaining to the present day monumental evidence of the races who have lined its banks. The upper division is formed of two arms, called respectively the Frat x and the Murad (different forms in all probability of the same name), which rise, the one a short distance to the N.E. of Erzeroum, and the other to the N.W. of Lake Van near Diyadin, and which unite in the vicinity of Keban Maaden, about 39 N. lat. and 39 E. long, on the high road conducting from Sivas to Diarbekir. This upper division of the river bisects the plateau of Asia Minor, and has thus been traversed by all the nations who have passed successively from Asia into eastern Europe. It still exhibits at Paloo, at Malatieh, and in some other places, on the precipitous rocks which form its banks, cuneiform inscriptions of the Scytho-Arian dynasty, which ruled in Armenia in the 8th century B.C. Here the general 1 The original name of the Euphrates, Burnt or Purft, represents probably a very old Asiatic root, Bur or Pur (corresponding with the "Welsh Bwrw and English "pour"), with a Semitic feminine ending. The full .form of llufrat, whence the Gr. Eixppdrri^ is first found in the inscriptions of barius Hy.staspes, the initial syllable having been prefixed apparently by the Persians, in order to obtain a suitable Arian etymology for the name llufrat, signifying " the good abound ing." The fluvial root Bur is perhaps to be recognized in Borysthenes,
Kha-bur, and some other names.