E U K P E butter, or both ; Italy, though famous for the so-called Parmesan cheese, requires a large import, and the abun dance of olive oil discourages the manufacture of butter. Sheep are of immense economic value to most European countries, and form an important article of export for the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Kussia, Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Servia, Iloumauia, and Sweden. The local varieties are even more numerous than in the case of the horned cattle, and the development of remarkable breeds quite as wonderful. In all the more mountainous countries the goat is abundant, especially in Spain, Italy, and Germany. The swine is distributed throughout the whole continent, but in no district does it take so high a place as in Servia, where there are no fewer than 10G2 to 1000 inhabitants, a proportion which more than doubles the next highest, which is afforded by Luxembourg. Spain ranks third in the list, and has a large export of hams and sausages. In the rearing and management of poultry France is the first country in Europe, and has consequently a large surplus of both fowls and eggs. The latter pro- duce is also exported by Austria and Spain. In Pom- merania, Brandenburg, West Prussia, Mecklenburg, and Wiirtemberg, the breeding of geese has become a great source of wealth, and the town of Stiasburg is famous all the world over for its pules des foies yras. The following tables show the distribution of the more important domestic animals in the principal countries of Europe: Year. Horses. To one sq. kilometre. To one .q. mile. To 1000 inhabitants. Cuttle. To one sq. kilometre. To one sq. mile. To 1000 inhabitants. Italy 1868 1,196,128 4 10 3 44 6 3 489,125 11 8 30 5 130 "2 Greiit Britain 1874 2 226 739 9 6 24 8 84 9 6 125 491 26 6 68 8 233 "6 Ireland . 1874 525,770 6 2 16 97 2 4 118 113 48 9 126 6 761 1870 16 160 000 3 227 22 770 000 4 2 10 8 319-9 Sweden
- 1874
446,309 1-0 2 5 105-0 2 103 319 4 7 12"! 494 8 Norway 1865 150,000 1-0 2 5 85 1 950,000 3 7 7 538 8 Denmark . 1871 316,570 8 3 21 4 177-4 1 238 898 32 2 83 3 133 9 German Empire 1873 3 352,231 6-2 16 81-6 15,776,702 29 2 75 5 384 2 Netherlands 1872 247 888 7-6 19 6 67 -5 1 377 002 41 9 108 4 374 8 Belgium .. 1866 283,163 9 6 24-8 55 6 1,242,445 42 2 109 2 244 2 France 1872 2,882,851 5-4 13-9 79 8 11,284,414 21-3 55"! 312 6 Portugal .... 1870 78,716 ro 2 5 18 2 520,474 5 6 14 4 119 9 Spain 1865 680,373 4-5 11-6 2,904,598 5 7 147 172 5 Austria 1871 1,367,023 67 17-3 67 7,425,212 247 63 9 364-1 Hungary 1871 2,179,811 2-4 6-2 140-5 5,279,193 16-3 42 2 340 4 Switzerland . 1866 100,324 2-0 5 1 37 6 993 291 24-0 62 1 3 72 "3 Greece 1867 98,938 ro 2-5 67-8 109,904 2 2 5 6 75 4 Year. Sheep anil Goats. To one sq. kilometre. To one sq. mile. To 1000 inhabitants. Swine. To one sq. kilometre. To one sq. mile. To 1000 inhabitants. Italy 1868 8,674,527 29-3 75-8 323-7 1,574,582 5-8 15-0 58 7 Great Britain . ..... 1874 30,313,914 131-4 340-1 1156-3 2,422,832 10 5 27 1 92 4 Ireland 1874 4,437,613 527 136-4 820-0 1,096,494 13-0 33 6 20 7 -6 Russia .. 1870 48,132,000 9-0 23-3 676-3 9,800,000 1-8 4 6 137-7 Sweden 1874 1,659,644 37 9-5 394-4 401,202 i-o 2 5 94-4 Xorwav 1865 1,700,000 5-4 13-9 969-9 100,000 1-0 2-5 56-6 Denmark . . . 1871 1,842,481 48"2 124-7 1032-3 442,421 1-0 2 5 247-8 1873 24,999,406 46 2 119-6 608 8 7,124,088 11-6 30-0 1 73 -5 Netherlands 1872 855,265 26-0 67-3 232-8 320,129 13-2 34-1 87 1 Belgium 1866 586,097 19-0 49-1 115-2 632,301 97 25-1 124-3 France . 1872 24,589,647 19-9 51-5 681-1 5,377,231 21-5 55-6 148-9 Portugal 1870 2,706,777 46-5 120-3 619-7 776,868 10-2 26-4 177-8 Spain : 1865 22,054,967 29-2 75-5 1310-0 4,264,817 8-4 217 253-3 1871 5,026,398 45-5 1177 246-4 2,551,473 8-5 22-0 125-0 Hungary . 1871 15,076,997 167 43-2 972-1 572,951 17 4-4 37-6 Switzerland 1866 447,001 46-5 120-3 167-4 304,428 7 4 19-1 114-1 ( ! reece . . 1867 2,539,538 10-8 27-9 1742-0 55,776 1-1 2-8 38-3 Ethnology is still in its infancy, painfully learning its first principles, and gradually discovering true methods of verifying its data and generalizing their teachings, There is such a thing as race; but we cannot be said to have attained to any single test or any combination of tests which does not leave our classifications mote or less un certain. We can ascertain whether the majority of a given people have dark hair or light, whether they are dolicho cephalic, mesocephalic, or brachycephalic, or exhibit several varieties of skull; but it has still to be proved how far su;:h characteristics are permanent, and as permanent avail able for our purpose. Europe in every square mile of its surface gives the lie to the supposition that consanguinity is implied by community of speech : Celts are equally eloquent in English and French; Slavonians equally enthu siastic for the dignity of Deutschland or the glory of Greece. 1 There are, perhaps, only two peoples in Europe of whom we can be said to have anything like ethnological statistics, lh? Jews and the Gipsies; and in both cases it is due to 1 Compare ETHNOGRAPHY, p. 621 of the present volume. the fact that they have so long been treated as social or religious pariahs. It is easy to ascertain how many men in Europe use French as their mother-tongue; but we have no means, apart from historic evidence, which applies only to individual instances, of knowing whether tlnxo generations back any man s progenitor was a Corsican, a German, or a Breton. And if there is one fact to which every new investigation gives additional emphasis it is this, that there is no nationality, and no individual component of a nationality, which can establish the purity of its blood. What to the superficial observer are the most homogeneous peoples turn out on closer examination to be only con glomerates in which the elements are better assimilated. In Wiirtemberg, for example, as is shown by H. v. Holder, the so-called German population is composed of Romans, Vindeliciaus, Khaetians, Avars, Hungarians, Slaves, Swiss, Swedes and others introduced during the Thirty ears War, Waldensians, Tyrolese, and Jews.- Still it is true (to H. v. Holder, Zii.tammensttlluntj d<:r in Wiirttemlerg mrkommen- dfn SchiitM forms it, 1376.
VIII. 88