EUROPE GUI) considerable certainty. Four great Aryan detachments are easily distinguished, and may for convenience be designated by the very imperfect and somewhat misleading names of the Gneco-Latin or Southern, the Celtic or Central, the Teutonic or Northern, and the Slavonic or North-Eastern. "Whether the Southern or the Celtic was the first of the two to enter Europe is altogether unknown : one offshoot from a common stock may easily maintain a nomadic or semi- nomadic state for a longer time than another and a later off shoot. The southern detachment was probably a succession of detachments, the first represented, it may be, by the old progenitors of the Albanians and the so-called Pelasgic tribes, the second by the various tribes who settled in Italy, and the third by the Hellenic or Greek tribes. The Greeks at least appear to have entered Europe by way of Asia Minor and the Archipelago, and the Italian tribes may have followed a similar route. A more northern line of march, or nomadic progress, was chosen by the Celts, of whose passage up the valley of the Danube we have a trace in the Boii, the Celtic people who have given their name to the now Germanized kingdom of Bavaria, If the opinion of Virchow, based on the presumed incorporation of ancient historical materials in the Ora MarUima of Avienus, be correct, they reached southern Gaul and Spain about the Gth century B.C. 1 The Teutons or Germans began to be known to the Romans shortly before the Christian era, and in the 4th century A.D. pushed westward within the boundaries of the empire. The Slavonians have never advance! much beyond the Elbe in the north, but towards the south they extended in the course of the 9th and 10th centuries into Austria on the one hand and Greece on the other. Of the Semitic peoples, the Jews, which are now the most important, have entered in successive detach ments, mitre in the fashion of ordinary immigrants ; the Arabs, who contributed largely to the progress of European civilization, but have left little trace of their blood except in southern Spain, crossed into that country in 710. The settlement of the Hungarians dates from the 10th century, and that of the Ottoman Turks, the last great addition to the ethnological conglomerate of Europe, dates no further back than the 14th. The following table, founded (as all such estimates are) mainly on linguistic and political data, is given by l)i Brachelli as an approximate survey of the numerical im portance of the various peoples of Europe. A strictly ethnographical classification will probably be always im possible, and certainly cannot be attained in the present state of scientific statistics. In many cases the possible error in the summation is very considerable : the Jews, for example, here given at 3,000,000, are reckoned at /), 220,858 in an interesting article in the Journal of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, 1870, 2,047,036 of them being assigned to Russia. German peoples 94,980,000 Germans, Dutch, and Flemish 58.100,000 English 28.SOOOCO Swedes. Norwegians, Danes, Icelanders 8,080,000 G roco-Lntin peoples 06,410, 000 French and Walloons 37,000,000 Italians and Kriulians 27.800.800 Spaniards and Portuguese 20,800.000 Roumanians. Moldavians. Wallachs 8,030,000 Greeks and Hcllcnizcd Wallachians 2,720.000 Rh.ttians or Ladinians 60,000 Slavonic peoples 82,170,000 /"Russians and Rutheninns .W.OnO.OOO .. .. c . ) Poles iijoo.ooo .NoitU Slavs < rioheniians, Moravians, Slovaks C.r.00.000 ( Wends 110.000 (Croatian*. Servians. Bosninks B.SOO.ooo South Slavs -< Bulgarians 3.800.000 (Slovenians 1,--?30,000 Carry forward : 273, 560,000 1 See Viivhmv, " Les peoples priniitifs de 1 Europe, in La. Rtvue Siicnt. tie In Franc-e, 1874. Brought forward 273,560,000 Celts 4,100,000 Semitic peoples 3,200,000 Jews 3.000.000 Maltese, Moriscos, and Arabs 200,000 Lithuanians 2,800,000 Albanians 1,300,000 Basiiues 700,000 Gipsies 600,000 Circassians 400,000 Armenians 260,000 Total of Aryanized populations 286,920,000 Magyars 5,920,000 Finnish peoples 4,710,000 Total of Uralian population 10,630,000 Tatarpeoples 2,500,000 Osman Turks 1,200,000 Kalmucks 100,000 Total of Mongolians 3,800,000 Although language is no test of race, it is the best evi- Lnn dence for present or past community of social or political life ; and nothing is better fitted to give a true impression of the position and relative importance of the peoples of Europe than a survey of their linguistic differences and affinities. 2 The following table contains the names of the j various languages which are still spoken on the Continent, as well as of those which, though now extinct, can l>e clearly traced in other forms. Two asterisks are employed 1 to mark those which are emphatically dead languages, j while one indicates those which have a kind of artificial life in ecclesiastical or literary usage. I. ARYAN (Tndo-Germanic, Indo-European, CeUo-Germatiie). 1. INDIC branch, represented by Gipsy dialect*. 2. IRAXIC branch, () Ossetian. (ft) Armenian. 3. HELLENIC branch, ,, *(a) Greek. (6) Romaic. (<) Neo-llellenic. 4. ITALIC branch, *(<i) Latin.
- (&) Osean.
- (<) Umbrinn, Ac.
(</) French. (f) Walloon. (/) Provencal. (g) Italian. Keo-Latin ^ (/ ) Lad in (Rnmonsh, I7nm- ansh, Rheto-Romance). (t) Spanish. (j) Portuguese. , (t) Roumanian. 5. CELTIC branch, represented by () Irish. (6) Erse or Gaelic, (r) Manx. (d) Welsh.
- (<) Cornish.
(/) Low Breton. C. TECTONIC branch, represented by **(a) Gothic. / **( ) Norse or Old Norse. } (c) Icelandic and Farocse. Scandinavian < (<*) Norwegian. j (<) Swedisli. V, (/) Punish.
- (jj) Saxon, Ant-lo-Saxon. or
. First l.n-li-li. (A) English.
- (0 Old Saxon.
0) Platt-I>outsch or Ix>w German. (i) Flemish ^ vH^Himl^h (/) Dutch ) * (m) Frifcic. !*(n) Old Ilipli German, (o) Mid.llr Hitfli Ucrrnnn. (;>) >*ew Hiph or Literary German. 7 SLAVOSIC branch, represented by *(<0 Church Slavonic. (?.) Russian. (r) Ruthenian, Bltsniak, or Little-Rnfslan, . (rf) White Kussinn 01 RU-lo- South-Eattem Russian. (O Bul^irian. (/) Servo-Croatian. (;/) Slovenian. (h) Czech (Bohemian.) (0 Slovakian. U~) Polish.
Soil-i::n (Wc -dic. tian.) Polubian. a Seo or tho whole subject Hovelarqne s Scifnc? of
Latham s Nationalities of Eiirope, and the same author s